Changing Family

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Changing Family Work Values

• Jacqueline Scott, University of Cambridge
  Michael Braun, ZUMA Germany

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Women and Employment Study

• Relationship between home and work crucial for
  womens position in labour market and society.
• Need to examine how labour market influenced by
  and influences reproductive role and domestic
  division of labour (Martin and Roberts 1984)

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Cross-national data spanning 1980 present day

• European Value Survey
• Not ideal, but best available for family values
  work values

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Key predictors of family values

• MARRIAGE most people support
• Country (differences stable)
• Gender (negligible)
• Generation (war vs. rest)
• Marital status (as expected)
• Employment status (negligible)
• Religious (far more trad)

• MOTHERHOOD greater variation in whether needed
  for fulfilment
• Country (differences stable)
• Gender (women less trad)
• Generation (war vs. rest)
• Parent status (as expected)
• Employment status (employed less trad)
• Religious (more trad)

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Intrinsic and extrinsic work value measures

• Which aspects of job do you think are
  important........?
• Extrinsic good pay, not too much pressure good
  job security good hours generous holidays
• Intrinsic an opportunity to use initiative a
  job in which you feel you can achieve something
  a responsible job a job that is interesting a
  job that meets ones abilities

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How does Britain stand on work values in
cross-national comparison?

• GBs extrinsic values increased markedly across
  decades (along with many other European
  countries). If anything, recent generations
  emphasise extrinsic values more.
• GBs intrinsic values decreased over time. For
  most of Europe intrinsic values have increased.

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Marital Status Extrinsic work values by gender
time (USA)
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Marital Status Intrinsic work values by gender
time (USA)
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Where next?

• Continuing the Women Employment challenge
  looking at how the two way links between family
  and work differ by gender and across time
• using longitudinal data to study life course
  dynamics e.g. how gender roles and work values in
  adolescence affect subsequent family formation
  and employment trajectories
• using comparative data to explore what is
  distinctive about UK in the factors that
  influence family values and work values change
• using longitudinal comparative analysis to
  identify policy challenges and examine impact of
  different family and work policies across time
  place.

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Findings 25 years of Change in Family and Work
Values

• Link between marriage and womens employment
  almost eradicated
• Maternal employment continues to rise
• Gender roles attitudes are changing quite slowly
  (with some reversals)
• High support for marriage as institution little
  change over time
• Pro-motherhood sentiments stable across time, but
  differ markedly across countries.
• Extrinsic work values on rise throughout Europe
• Intrinsic work orientation on rise in most of
  Europe, but not in UK
• Link between marital status and extrinsic job
  values changing, in U.S.