Text Analysis

1
Text Analysis Production
Pragmatics
2
1 SPEECH ACTS 2 IMPLICATURE 3
SCHEMATA SCRIPTS
3
(MACRO-) FUNCTIONS
4
(No Transcript)
5
DOMINANT FUNCTIONS INFORMATIVE EXPRESSIVE
OPERATIVE Linde Labov (1975) Language 51
6

• SET PATTERNS
• "Building schema
• Description of the entrance
• Return to hallway on reachingdead-end.
• After describing ALL rooms, detail contents of
  rooms.

7
"Getting up in the morning" schema I woke up
at seven fifteen. Quick shower, got dressed. Made
some toast and a cup of tea. Listened to the
news. And I left for work at about 8 o clock.
8
Dunno when I woke up. Got out of bed. Rubbed me
eyes, scratched me head. Poured some cereal in a
bowl. No milk that rat Tommy. Dry Weetabix
yeuch. Tongue all furry, eyes all blurry. Oh my
God! The tutorials in 20 minutes and I havent
finished the presentation. Shall I go? Or would
it be better to give it a miss? Shell never
notice Im not there. No, she will she keeps a
list. Hell, Id better go. Grabbed me
shoe (Continued p. 94)
9
I woke up at seven forty. I was in bed. I was
wearing pyjamas. After lying still for a few
minutes, I threw back the duvet, got out of bed.
walked to the door of the bedroom, opened the
door, switched on the landing light, walked
across the landing, opened the bathroom door,
went into the bathroom, put the basin plug into
the plughole, turned on the hot tap, ran some hot
water into the wash basin, looked in the
mirror... I made some toast and a cup of tea. I
listened to the news. And I left for work at
about 8.30.
10

• An old man took his grandson out for a walk one
  day. While they were out walking the boy was hit
  by a car. An ambulance was called and the boy was
  rushed to hospital. At the hospital, a surgeon
  was called and the boy was taken immediately into
  the operating theatre. On seeing the boy, the
  surgeon immediately exclaimed, "Oh my God! That's
  my son!"
• What was the relationship between the surgeon and
  the boy?
• She was his mother.

11

• BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
• SCHEMA (pl. SCHEMATA)
• - data structures representing stereotypical
  patterns which we retrieve from memory and employ
  in our understanding of discourse.
• NB cultural schemata
• e.g. going to a restaurant celebrating the
  New Year.

12

• FRAME
• a fixed, static pattern in a schema i.e. a
  prototypical version shared by everyone within a
  social group.
• The assumed elements of a frame are usually not
  stated.
• e.g. Room in shared flat. 350. Smokers
  welcome.
• SCRIPT
• a more dynamic type of schema - a pre-existing
  knowledge structure involving event sequences
  which we use to build interpretations.

13
Scripts exist for what normally happens in all
kinds of events e.g. going to the doctor's
sitting an exam ordering a meal in a
greasy spoon in restaurant chatting
someone up
14

Thing
CONCEPT

Word
FLOWER
The word and thing problem
Thing




15
Vase, cup or bowl?
16
(No Transcript)
17
Much debated during the Renaissance (political
philosophy) Arthur Lovejoy, The Great Chain of
Being, A Study of the History of an Idea
(Harvard U.P., Cambridge, Mass., 1936)
linguistics and literature.
18
Birdiness rankings
19
Layers of superordinates
20
pepper
mustard





21
ANTONYM

• big - small happy - sad male - female
• Gradable Antonyms
• big - small gt bigger than I smaller than old
  - young
• NB negative of one does not necessarily imply
  opposite e.g.
• That woman isn't old.
• Non-gradable antonyms

22
BUT antonym pairs - one is not necessarily the
negative of the other e.g. tie - untie does not
signify tie not to tie METONYM Greek µet?
(meta) after/later and ???µa (onoma) name) is
the use of a single characteristic to identify a
more complex entity. It is also known as
denominatio or pars pro toto (part for the
whole). The substitution of one word for another
with which it is associated. Metonymy works by
contiguity rather than similarity.
23

• A part of something is used for the whole
• "hands" to refer to workers, "head" for cattle,
  "threads" for clothing, "wheels" for car, "mouths
  to feed" for hungry people.
• The whole is used for a part
• "the police" for a handful of officers, "body"
  for the trunk of the body, the "smiling year" for
  spring, "the Pentagon" for the top-ranking
  generals in the Pentagon building.

24
-

• comparable constructions not usually used e.g.
  deader more dead
• - negative of mm DOES imply othere.g. not alive
  dead
• NB antonym pairs - one is not necessarily the
  negative of the other
• e.g. tie - untie does not signify tie not to tie

25
The substitution of one word for another with
which it is associated. Metonymy works by
contiguity rather than similarity. Typically,
when someone uses metonymy, they don't wish to
transfer qualities (as with metaphor) rather
they transfer associations which may not be
integral to the meaning.
26
The common figure "The White House said..." is a
good example of metonymy, with the term "White
House" actually referring to the authorities who
are symbolized by the White House, which is an
inanimate object that says nothing. The Crown for
a kingdom is another example of this kind of
metonymy.
27
Synecdoche, where a specific part of something is
taken to refer to the whole, is thus a specific
kind of metonymy
28

• A part of something is used for the whole
• hands" to refer to workers, "head" for cattle,
  "threads" for clothing, "wheels" for car, "mouths
  to feed" for hungry people
• - The whole is used for a part
• "the police" for a handful of officers, "body"
  for the trunk of the body, the "smiling year" for
  spring, "the Pentagon" for the top-ranking
  generals in the Pentagon building

29

• - The species is used for the genus
• "cutthroat" for assassin, "kleenex" for facial
  tissue, "castle" for home, "bread" for food
• - The genus is used for the species
• "creature" for person, "milk" for cow's milk
• - The stuff of which something is made is used
  for the thing
• "willow" for cricket bat, "copper" for penny,
  "boards" for stage, "ivories" for piano keys,
  "plastic" for credit card

30

• Whole part
• e.g. car-wheels
• fill up the car
• Container - contents
• e.g. bottle - beer
• representative - symbol
• e.g. Queen - crown
• No.10 - Prime Minister
• No.10 stated...
• to drink the whole bottle

31

• CHAMBERS Encyclopedic English Dictionary
• Bat 1 - noun 1 a shaped piece of wood, with a
  flat or curved surface, for hitting the ball in
  cricket, baseball, tablte tennis, etc. See also
  RACKET.
• 2 a batsman, especially in cricket.
• verb (batted, batting) 1 intrans. to take a turn
  athitting a ball with a bat in cricket,
  baseball, etc. 2 to hitwith, or as if with, a
  bat.
• off one's own bat
• without help.
• without being prompted by anyone else.
• from Anglo-Saxon batt)

32
Bat 2 - noun any of more than 1000 species of
nocturnal mammal, the only mammal capable of
sustained flight, found mainly in the tropics,
but also widely distributed in warm and temperate
regions. have bats in the belfry colloq. To be
crazy or slightly mad. See also BATS, BATTY. like
a bat out of hell colloq. Very fast,from Middle
English bakke bat3 - verb (batted, batting) to
open and close one's eyelids very quickly usually
to attract sympathy or admiration. - not bat an
eye colloq. To show no surpriseor emotion. from
Middle English baten, to flap
33
Denotation - sheep 4 legs/ woolly / eats grass
/ lives on hills Connotation - sheep silly /
stupid highland clearances biblical refs. (to
separate the sheep from the goats)Superordinate
- sheep ewe, lamb, ram blackfaced,
cheviot, Joseph's, JacobsHypernym Trumpet
is a hypernym of musical instrument
because musical instrument includes
trumpetHyponym a word that is more specific
than a given word sheep sheep cow pig
duck... (of farm animals)(Word would be
subordinate to sentence)
34
Connotation to follow (one another) like sheep
sheep-dip... ?o-ordinate sheep sheep,
goats, llamas (animals producing wool) Synonym
bashful sheepish Antonym arrogant sheepish Hom
onym ship sheep
35
SEMANTIC ROLES AGENT the entity that performs
the action PATIENTE THEME the entity that is
involved or affected by the action INSTRUMENT
the entity used in performing an action The
lecturer is indicating the example with a laser
pointer. NB the same entity can have two
different roles She burned herself.
36
EXPERIENCER person who has a feeling, state or
perception LOCATION where an entity is
SOURCE where an entity moves from GOAL
where an entity moves to Links between words
meaning Denotation
37
Denotation "central" or "core" meaning
(objective), the meaning of a word which links it
to a "real" phenomenon e.g. bull four-legged,
warm-blooded creature with horns Superordinate a
generic word to describe a class or category e.g.
cattle, livestock, vegetable, emotion... Hyponym
a member of a class or category e.g. cow, bull,
calf, bullock... (within the group "cattle")
38
Collocation the way in which words are
regularly used together e.g. Beware of the bull,
bull-fighting, cows and bulls, like a red rag to
a bull
39
Homonyms words which sound alike and are written
in the same way, but have different meanings e.g.
Don't lie to me! Lie down and take a rest.
Ring the doorbell. He gave her a ring He gave
her a diamond ring
40
Homophones e.g. two too there their threw
through ... Affixes morphemes added to words
to change the meaning (or function) of the
word prefix added to beginning of word e.g.
conventional / unconventional suffix added to
end of word e.g. friend / friendly
41
Propositional meaning denotation i.e. clear
link between a word and what it refers to in a
real or imaginary world e.g. chair - piece of
furniture, with four legs and a back, which is
for sitting on. e.g. hobbit creature with
furry feet and human characteristics created by
Tolkein. It is easy to judge when propositional
meaning is incorrect e.g. if chair were used to
describe a bed, or hobbit to describe a goblin.
42
e.g. dogs are frightening (expresses one
speaker's opinion, another might say "dogs are
cuddly) Presupposed meaning what we expect to
follow or be linked with particular words/
phrases this is restricted in two ways 1
selectional restrictions e.g. witty expects a
human being or the product of a human being as
subject (a witty person/joke/ play) e.g. smoky
expects a non-human subject (a smoky room /
atmosphere / fire)
43
2 collocational restrictions (see above) e.g.
to pass an exam not to succeed in an
exam Evoked meaning through variations in
dialect register Dialect - spoken by a
specific group (cf. geographical, social,
temporal) Register language used as is
appropriate to a particular situation (cf. field,
tenor and mode of discourse)
44
Semiotics the analysis of systems using signs
or signals for the purpose of communication
(semiotic systems)
45

• Morse Code
• Onomatopoeia
• Traffic Lights
• Icons Pictures
• Pictograms Ideograms
• Colours
• Style of dancing
• Gestures used by deep sea divers /
• aircraft personnel /
• people taking bets
  at races
• Codes of social etiquette
• Conventions for indicating "persuasion" etc

46

• Commercial economic "systems"
• Cultural ideology / social norms
• LANGUAGE
• SEMIOTIC-ENTITIES or SIGN FUNCTIONS semantic
  units which act as filters / lenses through which
  a culture "thinks / sees the world".
• cf. "Islamic fundamentalists"

47

• Sign 3-way relationship consisting of
• initiator, whatever initiates the identification
  of a sign(e.g. particular shade of red in coca
  cola logo)
• object of the sign (e.g. coke can/logo in
  advert)
• interpretant or the "effect" the sign meant to
  relay
• i.e. generally speaking the interpretant the
  meaning of the sign

48

• Basically
• (word) (concept)
• BUT signs not static.
• They evolve and "add up" SO sum of signifier
  signified gt a new signifier ( signified)

Col.
military rank
Anglo-Saxon surname
Sanders
49
Its finger- lickin good!