National Security

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National Security
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Terrorism

• Definition - The FBI defines terrorism as The
  unlawful use of force or violence against persons
  or property to intimidate or coerce a government,
  the civilian population, or any segment thereof,
  in furtherance of political or social
  objectives.

http//www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nl/conte
nt2.asp?chsJPK0PIJpHb886017ct1181611
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Terrorism

• Terrorism vs. Freedom Fighting
• Uniforms or badges
• Geneva Convention
• Military Targets
• Minimize collateral damage

http//www.globalterrorism101.com/ReasonsBehindTer
rorism.html
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Terrorism

• Most common reasons
• Political / Military Oppression
• Religious Reasons
• Divine Revelation
• Intolerance

http//www.globalterrorism101.com/ReasonsBehindTer
rorism.html
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Terrorism

• Types
• Revolutionary
• Political
• Nationalist
• Cause-Based
• Environmental
• State-sponsored
• Genocide

http//www.blue-oceans.com/psychology/terror_psych
.html
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Terrorism

• September 11, 2001
• 846 a.m. - American Flight 11 from Boston
  crashes into the North Tower at the World Trade
  Center
• 903 a.m. - United Flight 175 from Boston crashes
  into the SouthTower at the World Trade Center
• 945 a.m. - American Flight 77 crashes into The
  Pentagon
• 1005 a.m. - The South Tower at the World Trade
  Center collapses
• 1010 a.m. - United Flight 93 crashes in a wooded
  area inPennsylvania, after passengers confront
  hijackers.
• 1028 a.m. - The North Tower at the World Trade
  Center collapses

http//www.september11news.com/AttackImages.htm
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Terrorism

• September 20, 2001
• On September the 11th, enemies of freedom
  committed an act of war against our country
  Americans have many questions tonight.  Americans
  are asking  Who attacked our country?  The
  evidence we have gathered all points to a
  collection of loosely affiliated terrorist
  organizations known as al Qaeda.  They are some
  of the murderers indicted for bombing American
  embassies in Tanzania and Kenya, and responsible
  for bombing the USS Cole. Al Qaeda is to terror
  what the mafia is to crime.  But its goal is not
  making money its goal is remaking the world --
  and imposing its radical beliefs on people
  everywhere.
• -- President George W. Bush

http//www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911
jointsessionspeech.htm
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Terrorism

• Prevention
• Information Sharing
• Information Analysis
• Coordination

http//72.14.203.104/search?qcachefwz4tXEnQFgJw
ww.usdoj.gov/olp/agdirective2.pdfhowtopreventt
errorhlenclientfirefox-a
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War on terror

• Operation Enduring Freedom launched Oct. 7, 2001
• Terrorism
• Terrorist cells
• Al Qaeda
• Operation Iraqi Freedom launched March of 2003

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War Like No other

• Al Qaeda is a new kind of enemy
• A multi-national coalition of religious
  terrorists who are
• Radical adherents of a religion with over a
  billion followers world wide some of whom
• Live in countries which have nuclear or
  bio-chemical warfare capabilities and
• Many of these lunatics WANT TO DIE!
• Organized
• Financially capable

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War with who?

• Al Qaeda and the government of Afghanistan (known
  as the Taliban
• All nations that provide aid or safe haven to
  terrorists

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Terrorists Cells

• Instead of an organized army, they are loosely
  organized through small groups with embedded
  cells to carry out terrorists activities. The
  U.S. State Department now counts 37 foreign
  terrorists organizations with bases in at least
  25 nations and the Palestinian territories.

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U.S. Military

• Military might has figured prominently in
  Americas national security strategies since the
  end of WWII
• Since the end of WWII the U.S. has spent more
  than 17 trillion on military defense
• The U.S. Military directly makes decisions that
  affect the daily lives of 5.6 million Americans

• Active duty personnel numbers 1.4 million
• There are 1.2 million members of the guard and
  reserve
• There are 654,000 civilians on the military
  payroll
• The military operates more than 6,000 bases and
  other facilities, including installations in 145
  nations located on every continent

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Defense Budget

• The defense budget for 2004 was 375 billion,
  congress passed a 416 appropriation for 2005
• Campaigns like those in Afghanistan and Iraq are
  not financed by the defense budget
• The government uses what are called supplement
  appropriations for these costs

• The 416 billion budget for 2005 included a 25
  billion supplemental appropriation for operations
  in Afghanistan and Iraq, bringing the total cost
  of military actions in those 2 countries to 175
  billion
• In January 2005, the administration requested
  another 80 billion supplement for Iraq and
  Afghanistan

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Homeland Security

• US has 7000 miles of land borders
• 9500 miles of coastline
• In 2002 US Customs and Border Patrol agent worked
  3700 terminals and 301 ports of entry
• Processed
• 400 million people
• 122 million auto
• 11 million trucks
• 2.4 million rail cars
• 8 million containers on 56596 ships

Eitzen, Zinn. Social Problems
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Bush Doctrine II

• Elements of the Bush Doctrine
• Preemption -The right to use pre-emptive attacks
  against potential aggressors
• Unilateralism- The right of the US to pursue
  unilateral military action when multi-lateral
  solutions cant be found
• Strength Beyond Challenge The policy that the
  US intends to keep military its military strength
  beyond challenge
• Extend Democracy, Liberty, and Security to All
  Regions The policy of actively promoting
  democracy and freedom in all regions of the world

Wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Doctrine
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Bush Doctrine II

• Critical Mission Areas designed to prevent
  future terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerabilities,
  and minimize damage
• Improve intelligence
• Improve border security
• Domestic counterterrorism
• Infrastructure protection
• Defense against WMD (weapons of mass destruction)
• Emergency preparedness

Eitzen, Zinn Social Problems
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Patriot Act

• Allows investigators to use tools already
  available to investigate organized crime and drug
  trafficking
• Permits electronic surveillance to investigate
  terrorism related crimes
• Allows roving wiretaps to be issued for a
  particular suspect, rather than a particular
  phone
• Permits courts to issue delayed notification
  search warrants for terrorist
• Permits federal agents to ask for a court order
  to obtain business records in nation security
  terrorism cases

This reflects the balance between protection of
civil liberties and privacy with the need for
greater law enforcement. (Sen. Tom Daschle, qtd
in Agence France-Presse, Oct. 25, 2001)
http//www.lifeandliberty.gov/highlits.htm
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Patriot Act

• Facilitated information sharing and cooperation
  among government agencies
• Removed legal barriers that prevented law
  enforcement, intelligence, and national defense
  agencies from talking and coordinating their work
  
• Criminal evidence obtained through grand juries
  with intelligence officials can now be shared
  with federal prosecutors

• We simply cannot prevail in the battle against
  terrorism if the right hand of our government has
  no idea what the left hand is doing. (Sen. John
  Edwards. Press release, 10/26/01)

http//www.lifeandliberty.gov/highlights.htm
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Patriot Act

• Updated the law to reflect new technologies and
  new threats
• Allows law enforcement officials to obtain a
  search warrant anywhere a terrorist-related
  activity occurred. Eliminating the need to obtain
  multiple warrants
• It placed electronic hacking on the same level as
  burglary.
• Increased the penalties for those who commit
  terrorist crimes
• Prohibits the harboring of terrorists
• Increased the maximum penalties for crimes
  including arson, material support of terrorist,
  destruction of energy facilities, and national
  defense materials
• Increased penalties for engaging in conspiracies
  to commit terrorism
• Eliminates statutes of limitations for certain
  terrorist crimes

http//www.lifeandliberty.gov/highlights.htm
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International Law Destabilized by Bush Doctrine I
II?

• International Law- the set of treaties and
  agreements that nations across the world have
  voluntarily entered.
• Suggested Destabilization of International Law
• The Right of Preventive War
• Nullification of Treaties on Control of Nuclear
  Weapons
• Circumventing the Geneva Conventions

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The Right of Preventive War

• International Law recognizes that nations have a
  right to preemptive war offensives in the face
  of imminent attack from their opponents.
• Preventive war against potential threats had
  been previously disregarded by U.S. leaders and
  in international law.
• With U.S. invasion of Iraq nations were divided
  somewhat because no international law precedents
  had been established

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Many Questions Raised

• When can a nation use military force for regime
  change
• What role should the U.N. have in initiating
  offensive military campaigns
• How effective is first-strike offensive war at
  stopping the proliferation of WMD
• What role will the U.S. play in world affairs
  with its overwhelming military power

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Nullification of Treaties on Control of Nuclear
Weapons

• U.S. withdrew from Anti-Ballistic Missile Defense
  Treaty
• North Korea nullified its nuclear
  nonproliferation agreement
• Iran continues its program for uranium enrichment
• Syria under allegations of developing ballistic
  missile capabilities
• Some speculate that a new arms race may have been
  initiated

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Circumventing the Geneva Conventions

• G.C. are international agreements on humane
  treatment of combatants and civilians by opposing
  governments and military forces during times of
  war
• Unlawful combatants rather than prisoners of
  war.
• U.N. created International Criminal Court

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Can We Claim Moral High Ground

• US is the only nation to use nuclear weapons
• Few nation have used WMDs to the extent the US
  did in Vietnam
• Few nations can match the US in the number of
  nuclear weapons
• US has conducted operations to over throw
  unfriendly governments

Eitzen, Zinn Social Problems
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Why Do They Hate Us?

• Look At Ourselves
• American Opulence
• Religion
• Israel America
• What Would You Do?

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Why Do They Hate Us?

• Terrorism Timeline
• 1983 Shiite Muslim suicide bombers destroyed
  US. Marine and French paratrooper barracks in
  Lebanon
• 1988 Pan Am 747 was bombed by terrorists linked
  to Libya
• 1993 A truck bomb was detonated in the garage
  of the WTC
• 1995 Army training headquarters in Riyadh,
  Saudi Arabia was bombed
• 1996 An American military housing complex was
  attacked in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
• 1998 Car bombs exploded outside U.S. embassies
  in Tanzania and Kenya
• 2000 The U.S.S. Cole was attacked in a Yemen
  harbor by suicide bombers

Eitzen, Zinn Social Problems
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Why Do They Hate Us?

• The answer our government gives
• They hate the fact that we have a democratically
  elected government
• They hate the freedoms that we have such as
  freedom of speech, religion, assembly, etc.
• Also, they feel that we are in their way
• They want to drive Israel out of Middle East
• Drive Christians and Jews out of Asia
• Overthrow existing governments in Muslim nations

Eitzen, Zinn Social Problems
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Why Do They Hate Us?

• Many of these so called terrorists do not
  approve of al Qaeda or Saddam Hussein
• It was American actions that stimulated the
  response
• Military actions killing civilians
• Economic actions awarding contracts to
  non-Iraqi companies
• Political actions they feel Bush lied to the
  American people to win the election
• Another major reason is the U.S. support of
  Israel in their battle against the Palestinians
• They feel that we have no consideration for the
  future of the Palestinians

Eitzen, Zinn Social Problems
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Why Do They Hate Us?

• Others believe that it is purely religious
• Muslim religious extremists violating their own
  religion and hate all Americans, what we stand
  for, and our way of life
• Or that Islam itself preaches against Americans
  and against freedom
• Those that have studied these terrorists more
  closely feel otherwise
• They argue that the terrorists are reacting to
  what Americans are doing in Iraq rather than what
  American believe

Eitzen, Zinn Social Problems
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Why Do They Hate Us?

• As horrible as the 9/11 attacks were, terrorism
  was not born on that day
• The United States has a long history of domestic
  terrorism most notably the bombing in Oklahoma
  City
• International terrorism also has a fairly long
  history

http//author.senescence.info/thoughts/rule.html
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How to win the War on Terror

• Arrogance is not the answer
• Learn from the Soviets
• We can not do it alone
• Poverty and Insecurity terrorism
• Strengthen international rules of law