MOTIVATION

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MOTIVATION

• PHED 1027
• February 26th 28th

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Standard First Aid

• March 1, 2
• March 8, 9
• Please contact Michelle Zurawski in the Ed Centre
  gym office
• Michelle.zurawski_at_canadorec.on.ca

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MOTIVATION - What is it?

• A drive that STARTS or MAINTAINS an activity
• From the Latin movere, meaning to move
• Psychological term used to explain the WHY of
  behaviour

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SOURCES of MOTIVATION

• Instincts drives earliest theories
• Social cognitions, perceptions, emotions modern
  paradigm
• Amotivation absence of motivation

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• Extrinsic motivation to receive reward or avoid
  punishment (external regulation)
• Intrinsic motivation to learn, accomplish
  tasks, and to experience sensations
• Which is most powerful in PA settings?

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Motivation has a lot to do with the impact of
rewards on Self-Determination

• Competence e.g. medal
• Control e.g. Bribe
• A highly intrinsically motivated individual is
  much more likely to sustain effort and
  performance over the long term (e.g. Exercise
  adherence)

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How does MOTIVATION explain behaviour?

• Many theories exist to explain motivation........

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Did you say THEORY?????

• Porter Lawlers Model
• Vrooms Expectancy Model
• Banduras Self-Efficacy Theory
• Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene
• Maslows Needs Hierarchy
• Adams Theory of Inequity
• Personal Investment Theory
• Theory of Planned Behaviour
• Theory of Reasoned Action
• Self Determination Theory
• Transtheoretical Model

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How do we make sense of all of these theories?

• Effort
• Performance
• Rewards
• Satisfaction
• Personal Investment
• Outcomes of Personal Investment

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EFFORT

• Degree of effort depends upon ones motivational
  state
• Level of effort is related to the value placed
  upon the rewards
• Value may be different for different individuals

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EFFORT

• Will the effort result in a reward?
• Performance expectation or probability
• Performance-reward relationship
• Effort is maximized when an individual places a
  high value on the rewards, and when that person
  believes the effort-reward probability
  relationship is strong

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PERFORMANCE

• Abilities Traits
• Traits enduring, stable characteristics
• Abilities trainable qualities
• Role Perception
• Correct perceptions of ones role are important

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REWARDS

• Rewards that suggest to the individual that he or
  she is highly competent enhance intrinsic
  motivation
• Rewards suggesting that the recipient is no
  longer fully in control of the reasons for
  behaviour reduce intrinsic motivation (Carron et
  al., 2003)

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• Intrinsic Rewards
• Sense of accomplishment
• Achievement
• Doing something positive for the community
• Personal growth
• Extrinsic
• Externally administered, tangible
• Receiving rewards affects the value placed upon
  them...

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Value and Frequency of Rewards(Chelladurai, 2006)
High
Low
Less
More
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SATISFACTION

• Depends upon the individuals perception of
  whether the rewards are equitable
• How does satisfaction affect subsequent effort
  and performance?

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EQUITY of REWARDS

• Individual PERCEPTION of how fairly rewards are
  distributed
• Performance is significantly impacted by the
  perceived equity of rewards
• e.g. Comparing salaries and levels of performance
  on professional teams
• This is significant in any organization
  volunteer or professional

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MOTIVATION as PERSONAL INVESTMENT

• Observed behaviours provide information about
  personal investment
• Direction
• Persistence
• Continuing motivation
• Intensity
• Performance

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PERSONAL INVESTMENT

• These patterns of behaviour indicate the degree
  to which a person is invested in the activity
• Everybody is motivated to do something
• Individuals distribute their time, talent, and
  energy as they choose

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• Situations are easier to change than people
  (Maehr Braskamp, 1986)
• How might this affect you as a coach, teacher,
  instructor?

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Outcomes of Personal Investment

• Achievement
• Personal Growth
• Life Satisfaction
• Are these important to sports organizations?

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As a PHE Professional, what will be your greatest
challenge with clients?

• PE teacher
• Coach
• Personal Trainer
• Physiotherapist
• Fitness Instructor
• Exercise Adherence

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Motivational Strategies to Enhance Exercise
Adherence

• Prompting
• Contracting
• Public reporting
• Rewards
• Feedback on progress
• Goal setting
• Social support
• Focus on the experience
• Focus on the process, not the outcome

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For Thursday.....

• Read Chapter 8 (Organizational Justice)
• Pg. 119-136
• Answer 1 Interact

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ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE

• HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES

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Volleyball opportunity

• Volleyball Officials Clinic
• Saturday, March 15th Sunday, March 16th
• Ecole Secondaire Catholique Algonquin
• 10 AM-4 PM
• 125.00
• Contact Mona Morton at 497-9774
• Practical to follow March 29th or April 5th

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JUSTICE

• We all have been recipients of demands for
  justice
• Barb, its not fair that some students got mini
  eggs and others didnt
• We have all been in the position of demanding
  justice
• I told the builder of my house that, since he
  replaced the defective windows for a neighbour,
  he should replace my defective windows

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Organizational justice

• Ethical, legal, and appropriate business
  practices that are just and fair to all
  individuals involved in an organization
• FAIRNESS
• Why is organizational justice so important to PHE
  professionals?
• Custodians
• Socially sanctioned
• Client / Employee satisfaction
• Legal consequences

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Justice is all about perception

• How do clients/employees/workers in an
  organization judge their work situation is it
  FAIR??
• Justice perceptions are related to
• Job satisfaction
• Job performance
• Organizational commitment
• Self-perceptions

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Think of a time youve been unfairly treated at
work

• Were you ever treated rudely or disrespectfully?
• Were you up for a promotion / raise / job, and
  didnt get it when you thought you should have?
• Why was it unfair? How did you know?
• How did you react? Did you take action? Why or
  why not? (https//www.siop.org)

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Distributive justice

• Distributive justice considers the distribution
  of goods among members of society at a specific
  time, and on that basis, determines whether the
  state of affairs is acceptable.
• (www.wikipedia.org)

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Distributive justice

• Considers the concrete OUTCOMES of the
  distribution of goods to individuals or groups of
  individuals

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WHAT is to be distributed?

• Goods include income, opportunities, wealth
• Equipment
• Playing time
• Uniforms
• Feedback
• Medical attention
• Others???

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To whom are the goods distributed?

• Individuals
• Groups
• Classes

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On what basis are goods distributed?

• Equality
• Equity
• Need

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Principles of distributive justice

• Equity
• Equality
• Need

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Principle of equity

• Distribution of resources is based on
  contributions that members make to a group or
  organization
• Effort
• Ability (innate or achieved)
• Performance
• How should I have distributed mini-eggs based on
  the principle of equity?

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EQUITY of REWARDS Remember?

• Individual PERCEPTION of how fairly rewards are
  distributed
• Performance is significantly impacted by the
  perceived equity of rewards
• Did you compare your test mark with those of your
  classmates? Was your assessment fair?

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If inequity is perceived, what happens?

• For example, if an individual is underpaid
• Quit
• Decreased output
• Ask for a raise
• squealing
• Distort reality

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Principle of equality

• Resources are distributed equally to all members
• Treatment
• Results
• Opportunity
• How should I have distributed mini-eggs based on
  equality?

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Principle of need

• Resources are distributed on the basis of the
  needs of individuals or teams
• How should I have distributed mini-eggs based on
  need?

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• Procedural Justice refers to the PROCESS that
  organizations use to distribute goods
• Procedural justice is an intermediary stage
• Procedures, guidelines, policies for making
  decisions
• Example of procedural INJUSTICE

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Procedural Justice

• What are some things that lead to a procedure
  being seen as fair?
• Voice getting a say in things
• Consistency across time and employees
• Bias Suppression avoid personal bias
• Accuracy procedure should be correct
• Correctability appeals mechanism
• Ethicality standards of ethics upheld

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• Interactional Justice the manner in which
  decisions are communicated
• Substance of the message (informational justice)
• Tone of the message (interpersonal justice)

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Organizational justice

• Procedural Justice PROCESS
• Interactional Justice COMMUNICATION
• Distributive Justice - DECISION

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Interact 1

• Were there occasions during your days in
  secondary school when you believed that the
  administrators were not just in distributing the
  school resources? What principles of
  organizational justice were violated? Discuss.

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Next week

• Read Chapter 11 Leadership
• Do Interact 1