Cancer:a number of diseases that arise

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Cancer a number of diseases that arise due to
genetic alterations in cells that lead to
unchecked growth (tumorigenesis). Dietary
and immune factors are thought to influence
risk of cancer. Tumors can be MALIGNANT (spread
aggressively to other parts of the body) or
BENIGN (non- growing tumors that do not threaten
life).
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Cancer
Terminology Cancers are classified by their
tissue of origin. Examples Carcinomas originat
e in epithelial tissues. Adenomas originate in
glandular tissues. Sarcomas originate in soft
tissues (e.g., muscle, bone, or connective
tissues) Melanomas originate from pigmented
cells in the skin. Lymphomas originate from
lymph tissues. Leukemias arise from white blood
cells. Gliomas arise from cells in the nervous
system.
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Genetic Alterations That Lead to Colorectal Cancer
Effect of Dietary Constituents?
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Figure 1 A theoretical framework ued to
describe the process of carcinogenesis.
NORMAL CELL INITIATED CELL
CLONAL GROWTH
Initiation Promotion Progression
Metastasis
Mutations Inflammation
Rapid Cell Growth/ Tumor Growth/ in Tumor
Inhibition of Dissemination
Suppressor/ Apoptosis
Oncogenes
Source L.W. Wattenberg. Cancer Research (1993)
535890.
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Nutritional Consequences of Cancer Dependent
upon 1. Stage of Cancer (e.g.,
Dukes) 2. Location of Cancer 3. Treatment
Modality (e.g., radiation, chemotherapy,
surgery, etc.)
Cancer patients MAY or MAY NOT be hypermetabolic.
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Cancer Cachexia PEM associated with cancer.
Loss of Appetite weight loss Depletion of lean
body mass Depletion of serum proteins
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Cancer Cachexia is caused by altered
metabolism due to cytokines produced BY THE
TUMOR.
These cytokines cause anorexia and help to shunt
fuel to the tumor.
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Causes of Inadequate Nutrient Intake
1. Early satiety and nausea. 2. Fatigue. 3. Pain
. 4. Psychological stress. 5. GI Obstructions.
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Causes of Nutrient Losses in Cancer
Malabsorption Diarrhea Vomiting Inadequ
ate Digestion
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Where Does Diet Fit in Cancer
Treatment? Primary Cancer Treatments? Radiation,
Chemotherapy, Surgery These treatments pose
significant threats to health and nutritional
status. New Therapies-- Monoclonal antibodies
against the Her/Neu receptor
(Herceptin) AntiAngiogenesis
therapies neomycin, angiostatin,
endostatin Immunotherapy
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Adequate nutrition is supportive therapy
only. Diet cannot cure cancer but adequate
nutritional status can help patients survive
difficult treatments. Youll hear many accounts
of dietary success in cancer treatment. Some
are likely to be true. Cancer Treatment Centers
of America uses diet as adjunctive therapy for
all types of cancer.
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Rationale behind Treatment
Strategies Radiation Interferes with cells
ability to divide. Since many cancer cell-types
grow faster than normal cells, this treatment
SHOULD preferentially kill cancer cells. Fastest
growing tissues are the ones hit hardest
by radiation treatment GI epithelium, bone
marrow, hair, skin
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Primary Side Effects of Radiation Treatment
Fatigue, Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting,
Diarrhea Mouth Ulcers Lack of Saliva
Production Chewing/ Damage to teeth and
mandible Swallowing Difficult
Radiation Enteritis malabsorption, blood
loss fluid/electrolyte imbalances