Consumer Batteries

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Consumer Batteries

• Derrick Chou
• Derek Juang
• Jed Kim
• Julia Wang
• EE164, Fall 2002 with Dr. Ybarra

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Chemistry of Batteries

• Galvanic Cells
• Daniell Cell
• Rechargeable Batteries

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Nickel Cadmium(NiCd)

• NiCd batteries are the most commonly used
  rechargeable batteries
• Used where long life, high discharge rate and
  economical price are important
• Cadmium anode, nickel-hydroxide cathode,
  alkaline electrolyte
• High currents at relatively constant voltage
• Low capacity (450-900 mAh)
• Low energy density (40-60 Wh/kg)
• Low shelf life, discharges quickly (20 per
  month)
• High cycle life (1550)
• Moderate overcharge tolerance
• Very sensitive to memory effect
• Low cost
• Contains toxic material, need special disposal

http//http//www.nlectc.org/txtfiles/batteryguide
/ba-type.htm
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Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

• Provides incremental improvements in
  capacityover the NICAD at the expense of reduced
  cycle life and lower load current
• Hydrogen storage metal alloy anode, nickel oxide
  cathode, potassium hydroxide electrolyte
• 30-40 greater capacity than NiCd (1100-1600
  mAh)
• Moderate energy density (60-80 Wh/kg)
• Low shelf life, discharges quickly (30 per
  month)
• High cycle life (500-600)
• Low overcharge tolerance
• Moderate cost

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Lithium Ion (Li Ion)

• Fragile technology requiring protector circuit
  for overcharge (when charged, voltage still
  rises)
• Used where very high energy density is needed
  and cost is secondary
• High capacity(50 more than NiCd)
• Light weight (20-35 less than NiMH)
• Long shelf life (wont discharge)
• Memory-effect resistant
• Expensive
• Lifespan is 12-18 months
• Environmentally Friendly

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Lithium Polymer (Li Poly)

• Most advanced battery technology
• Only hybrid versions are available in todays
  market
• More resistant to overcharge (less chance for
  electrolyte leakage)
• Currently no cost advantage over Li Ion, but
  potential for lower cost
• Can be made into any shape, any size (ultra slim
  geometry for cell phones)

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Rechargeable Battery Comparison
http//www.computerhope.com/battery.htm
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Lead Batteries

• The battery industry is the largest consumer of
  lead in the world.
• 98 percent of a lead battery is recyclable.
• Lead emissions from battery manufacturing account
  for less than one percent of the country's total
  estimatedlead emissions, even though battery
  manufacturing accounts for more than 80 percent
  of lead usage in the country.
• Body takes in lead in two ways
• 1. Ingestion
• 2. Inhalation

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Recycling Chart
2002 Battery Council International
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Lead Acid Battery

• Closed Loop Life Cycle
• 60 to 80 percent recycled lead and plastic
• Indefinite Cycle

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Recycling Process

• Hammermill breaks it apart.
• Plastic melt then make small pellets.
• Lead melt and remove impurities.
• Sulfuric Acid
• 1. Neutralized
• 2. Convert to Sodium Sulfate

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Federal Hazardous Waste Requirement

• Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, Toxicity.
• Hazardous if one or more of the above
  characteristics are present.

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RBRC

• Rechargeable Batteries Recycling Corporation
• Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd)
• Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)
• Lithium Ion (Li-ion)
• Small Sealed Lead (Pb)

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Nickel-Cadmium

• Highly toxic, carcinogenic
• Can accumulate up marine food webs
• Therefore affect people who eat seafood
• It may lead to potentially fatal kidney and liver
  problems, brittle bones, and reproductive
  disorders

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Lithium Ion/Lithium Polymer

• Completely discharged lithium batteries can be
  safely disposed of in the landfills.

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Ignitability

• It is a liquid and has a flash point of less than
  140 degrees
• It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard
  temperature and pressure, of causing fire through
  friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous
  chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so
  vigorously and persistently that it creates a
  hazard
• It is an oxidizer (as defined in Title 29 CFR
  1910.1200(C)).

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Corrosivity

• if a representative sample of the waste is
  aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2 or
  greater than or equal to 12.5.

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Reactivity

• It is normally unstable and readily undergoes
  violent changes without detonating
• It reacts violently with water
• It forms potentially explosive mixtures with
  water
• When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases,
  vapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficient to
  present a danger to human health or the
  environment
• It is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which,
  when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5,
  can generate toxic gases, vapors, or fumes in a
  quantity sufficient to present a danger to human
  health or the environment or
• It is capable of detonation or explosive
  decomposition or reaction at standard temperature
  and pressure.

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Toxicity
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Beyond Batteries

• Fuel Cells (Micro-Fuel Cells)
• Endlessly Rechargable
• Hydrogen reacting with oxygen in air
• Water as waste product