Cs EDUC 210 EBook

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Cs EDUC 210E-Book

• Dr. Henderson

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Who am I ?

• MY name is C. I enjoy singing and attending
  church.

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Contributors to the Computer

• Jean Piaget
• Blaise Pascal
• Clifford Berry
• John Atanasoff
• Christopher Stoley
• Doug Engelbart

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Who is Jean Piaget?

• The first person in technology in computers I
  wish to discuss is Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget was
  born in Neuchâtel (Switzerland) on August 9,
  1896. He died in Geneva on September 16, 1980. He
  was the oldest child of Arthur Piaget, professor
  of medieval literature at the University, and of
  Rebecca Jackson. He studied natural sciences at
  the University of Neuchâtel where he obtained a
  Ph.D. During this period, he published two
  philosophical essays which he considered as
  "adolescence work" but were important for the
  general orientation of his thinking. After a
  semester spent at the University of Zurich where
  he developed an interest for psychoanalysis, he
  left Switzerland for France. He spent one year
  working at the Ecole de la rue de la
  Grange-aux-Belles a boys' institution created by
  Alfred Binet and then directed by De Simon who
  had developed with Binet a test for the
  measurement of intelligence. There, he
  standardized Burt's test of intelligence and did
  his first experimental studies of the growing
  mind. He was an epistemologist who regarded
  empirical studies of infants, children, and
  adolescents as an essential source of information
  about the nature of knowledge. Genetic
  epistemology (which, for Piaget, included the
  history of scientific ideas, as well as the study
  of development in individuals) is consistent with
  Objectivism in its biocentric concerns.

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Blaise Pascal

• The next person is Blaise Pascal he was the
  third of Etienne Pascal's children and his only
  son. Blaise's mother died when he was only three
  years old. Blaise Pascal's father had unorthodox
  educational views and decided to teach his son
  himself. Etienne Pascal decided that Blaise was
  not to study mathematics before the age of 15 and
  all mathematics texts were removed from their
  house. Blaise however, his curiosity raised by
  this, started to work on geometry himself at the
  age of 12. He discovered that the sum of the
  angles of a triangle are two right angles and,
  when his father found out, he relented and
  allowed Blaise a copy of Euclid. Pascal invented
  the first digital calculator to help his father
  with his work collecting taxes. He worked on it
  for three years between 1642 and 1645. The
  device, called the Pascaline, resembled a
  mechanical calculator of the 1940s. This, almost
  certainly, makes Pascal the second person to
  invent a mechanical calculator for Schickard had
  manufactured one in 1624.

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Berry and Atanasoff

• Johns Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tributed.
  Professor Johns Atanasoff and graduate student
  Clifford Berry built the world's first
  electronic-digital computer at Iowa State
  University between 1939 and 1942. The
  Atanasoff-Berry Computer represented several
  innovations in computing, including a binary
  system of arithmetic, parallel processing,
  regenerative memory, and a separation of memory
  and computing functions. They created the first
  computing machine to use electricity, vacuum
  tubes, binary numbers and capacitors. The
  capacitors were in a rotating drum that held the
  electrical charge for the memory. electronics and
  mechanical construction. The prototype created by
  these two, won the team a grant of 850 to build
  a full-scale model. They spent the next two years
  further improving the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
  The final product was the size of a desk, weighed
  700 pounds, had over 300 vacuum tubes, and
  contained a mile of wire. It could calculate
  about one operation every 15 seconds today a
  computer can calculate 150 billion operations in
  15 seconds. Too large to go anywhere, it remained
  in the basement of the physics department. The
  war effort prevented John Atanasoff from
  finishing the patent process and doing any
  further work on the computer. When they needed
  storage space in the physics building, they
  dismantled the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.

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Stoles and the Keyboard

• Now for the invention of the modern computer
  keyboard began with the invention of the
  typewriter. Christopher Latham Sholes patented
  the typewriter that we commonly use today in
  1868. The Remington Company mass-marketed the
  first typewriters starting in 1877. A few key
  technological developments created the transition
  of the typewriter into the computer keyboard. The
  teletype machine, introduced in the 1930s,
  combined the technology of the typewriter (used
  as an input and a printing device) with the
  telegraph. Elsewhere, punched card systems were
  combined with typewriters to create what was
  called keypunches. Keypunches were the basis of
  early adding machines and IBM was selling over
  one million dollars worth of adding machines in
  1931. Early computer keyboards were first adapted
  from the punch card and teletype technologies.
  In 1946, the Eniac Computer used a punched card
  reader as its input and output device. In 1948,
  the Binac computer used an electromechanically
  controlled typewriter to both input data directly
  onto magnetic tape (for feeding the computer
  data) and to print results. The emerging electric
  typewriter further improved the technological
  marriage between the typewriter and the
  computer.By 1964, MIT, Bell Laboratories and
  General Electric had collaborated to create a
  computer system calledMultics a time sharing,
  multi-user system. Multics encouraged the
  development of a new user interface, the video
  display terminal. The video display terminals
  (VDT) combined the technology of the cathode ray
  tube (television) and electric typewriters.
  Computer users could now see what text they were
  typing on their display screens making text
  easier to create, edit and delete, and computers
  easier to program and use. Earlier computer
  keyboards had been based either on teletype
  machines or keypunches. There were many
  electromechanical steps in transmitting data
  between the keyboard and the computer that slowed
  things down. With VDT technology and electric
  keyboards, the keyboard's keys could now send
  electronic impulses directly to the computer and
  save time. By the late 70s and early 80s, all

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Doug Engelbart

• Douglas Engelbart, one known for the invention of
  the mouse. Which some people say that the
  hardware design was done original by a man named
  Bill English. Bill was an extremely effective
  guy. He had been working in another lab at SRI,
  and we were lucky he was free when this project
  came up. He wasnt afraid to dive into anything
  Later on, we were joined by Jeff Rulifson, who
  made a big difference, really a step function
  improvement, in the quality of the software
  involved. The original mouse had the cord in
  front, but we quickly moved it to the back end to
  get it out of the way. It was a simple mechanical
  device with two perpendicularly mounted discs on
  the bottom. You could tilt or rock the mouse to
  draw perfectly straight horizontal or vertical
  lines. Or you could give the mouse a push and
  lift it off the desk, and watch the cursor
  continue moving while the disc was spinning. Most
  of todays mice are still mechanical, and have
  modified that original design by incorporating a
  round ball in their base, whose movements are
  tracked by two orthogonally mounted disks. (You
  can click on the photo to see a higher resolution
  version photograph of the original mouse). He
  left Ames to attend the University of California
  and received a Ph.D., and taught there for a
  year. But you can imagine how his ideas of
  augmenting the human intellect were received in
  1960! laughs One of his colleagues on the
  faculty at Cal took him aside and said, Son,
  promotions in academic institutions are based on
  peer input. People always prefer those who share
  their views. If he continued on his present path,
  he will be an acting associate professor
  forever. So he contacted the Dean of the School
  of Engineering at Stanford, just across the bay
  from Berkeley, and received a nice letter that
  said something like, Dear Dr. Engelbart. Thank
  you for your interest in Stanford. Unfortunately,
  our School of Engineering is a small department,
  and we have chosen to focus only on those areas
  which we feel offer real potential. Since
  computers are only useful to service entities, we
  have no interest in developing a focus in them.

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Other Contributors

• Charles Babbaye
• James Coleman
• James Conner
• John Dewey
• Margaret Meade
• Ralph Tyler
• Jerome Brunner
• Benjamin Bloom
• Howard Garner
• Grace Hopper
• Ivan Pavlov
• Abraham Maslow
• BF Skinner
• Robert Gagne

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Chapter 5 Terms

• Multimedia A combination of text, color,
  graphics, animation, audio, video and virtual
  reality.
• Electronic Book A digital text that uses links
  to give the user access to information in the
  text and that can be read with an e-book
• Virtual Reality Simulation of a real or imagined
  environment that appears as three dimensional
  space and that the user can experience and
  manipulate as it were physical.
• Distant Learning Delivery of education from one
  location to another.
• CBT- type of learning that involves completing
  exercises using special instructional software on
  a computer.
• CAI- Software designed to help teach facts,
  information, and/or skills associated with
  subject related materials.
• Web based course- Course that is taught mostly or
  completely on the web, rather that in a
  traditional classroom, AKA on line.
• Web enhanced Course- Course that uses the web to
  enhance the content of the course.

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Educational Groups

• American Educational Research Association
• Education Commission of the States

• American Federation of Teacher
• Association for Supervision and Curriculum
  Development

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American Educational Research Association

• The AERA, is a professional membership
  organization, strives to improve the educational
  process by encouraging scholarly inquiry related
  to education. AERA offers a comprehensive program
  of scholarly publications, training, fellowships,
  and meetings to advance educational research, to
  disseminate knowledge, and to improve the
  capacity of the profession to enhance the public
  good. AREA central founded in 1916 and currently
  is in the 86th year. The AREA central offices are
  located in two adjoining townhouse near
  Washingtons Dupont Circle, an area within the
  Nations Capitol that is home to many education
  related organizations. AREA is the most prominet
  international professional organizations with the
  primary goal of advancing educational research
  and its practical application.

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Educational Commission of the States

• The ECS is an interstate compact created in 1965
  to improve public education by facilitating the
  exchange of information, ideas and experiences
  among state policymakers educational leaders. As
  a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization involving
  key leaders from all levels of educational
  system, ECS creates unique opportunities to build
  partnerships, share information and promote the
  development of policy based on available research
  and strategies.

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American Federation of Teacher

• The mission of the AFL is to improve the lives
  our lives of our members and their families, to
  give voice to their legitimate professional,
  economic and social aspirations, to strengthen
  the institutions in which we work, to improve the
  quality of service we provide, to bring together
  all members to assist and support one another and
  to promote democracy, human rights and freedom in
  our nation and through out the world.

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Association for Supervision and Curriculum
Development

• Founded in 1943, the ASCD, is an international
  nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that
  represents 160,000 educators from more that 135
  countries and 66 affiliates. Our members span the
  entire profession of educators superintendents,
  supervisors, principals, teacher, professors of
  education, and school board members. ASCD
  reflects the conscience and content of education.

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History of the Computer

• Computers play an essential role in how
  individuals work, live and learn, Organizations
  of all sizes even the smallest schools and
  businesses rely on computers to help them operate
  more efficiently and effectively. At home, work,
  and school, computers help people do work faster,
  more accurately, and in some cases, in ways that
  previously were not possible. People use
  computers at home for education, entertainment,
  information management, and business purposes for
  sorting information and keeping files without a
  lot of stress organizing papers . They also use
  computers as tools to access information and to
  communicate with others around the world you can
  meet new friends and also possibly find the love
  of your life even when you bored you can get on
  the computer and find a friend to talk to that
  might be experiencing the same things you are and
  feeling the same way you might be feeling.
• In the classroom, computers and
  computer-related technologies are having a
  profound influence on the way teachers instruct
  and students learn. They even have study guides
  to help you study for test and they have the
  answers there to make sure that your answers are
  accurate. Even the activities that are part of
  your daily routine, typing a report, driving a
  car, paying for goods and services with a credit
  card, or using an ATM involve the use of
  computers.

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Some things used by Computers
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The Internet

• The Internet has revolutionized the computer and
  communications world like nothing before. The
  invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and
  computer set the stage for this unprecedented
  integration of capabilities. The Internet is at
  once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a
  mechanism for information dissemination, and a
  medium for collaboration and interaction between
  individuals and their computers without regard
  for geographic location. The Internet represents
  one of the most successful examples of the
  benefits of sustained investment and commitment
  to research and development of information
  infrastructure. Beginning with the early research
  in packet switching, the government, industry and
  academia have been partners in evolving and
  deploying this exciting new technology. Today,
  terms like "bleiner_at_computer.org" and
  "http//www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue
  of the random person on the street. This is
  intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and
  incomplete history. Much material currently
  exists about the Internet, covering history,
  technology, and usage. A trip to almost any
  bookstore will find shelves of material written
  about the Internet. In this paper, several of us
  involved in the development and evolution of the
  Internet share our views of its origins and
  history. This history revolves around four
  distinct aspects. There is the technological
  evolution that began with early research on
  packet switching, the related technologies, and
  where current research continues to expand the
  horizons of the infrastructure along several
  dimensions, such as scale, performance, and
  higher level functionality. There is the
  operations and management aspect of a global and
  complex operational infrastructure. There is the
  social aspect, which resulted in a broad
  community of Internauts working together to
  create and evolve the technology. And there is
  the commercialization aspect, resulting in an
  extremely effective transition of research
  results into a broadly deployed and available
  information infrastructure. The Internet today is
  a widespread information infrastructure, the
  initial prototype of what is often called the
  National (or Global or Galactic) Information
  Infrastructure. Its history is complex and
  involves many aspects - technological,
  organizational, and community. And its influence
  reaches not only to the technical fields of
  computer communications but throughout society as
  we move toward increasing use of online tools to
  accomplish electronic commerce, information
  acquisition, and community operations. Origins of
  the Internet The first recorded description of
  the social interactions that could be enabled
  through networking was a series of memos written
  by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August

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Internet Cont

• New modes of access and new forms of service will
  spawn new applications, which in turn will drive
  further evolution of the net itself. The most
  pressing question for the future of the Internet
  is not how the technology will change, but how
  the process of change and evolution itself will
  be managed. As this paper describes, the
  architecture of the Internet has always been
  driven by a core group of designers, but the form
  of that group has changed as the number of
  interested parties has grown. With the success of
  the Internet has come a proliferation of
  stakeholders - stakeholders now with an economic
  as well as an intellectual investment in the
  network. We now see, in the debates over control
  of the domain name space and the form of the next
  generation IP addresses, a struggle to find the
  next social structure that will guide the
  Internet in the future. The form of that
  structure will be harder to find, given the large
  number of concerned stake-holders. At the same
  time, the industry struggles to find the economic
  rationale for the large investment needed for the
  future growth, for example to upgrade residential
  access to a more suitable technology. If the
  Internet stumbles, it will not be because we lack
  for technology, vision, or motivation.

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OUTSIDE ASSIGNMENTS

• Fall Convocation 2003
• September 11th program

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Educational Technology

• Ghinea, Gheorghita and Chen, Sherry(Sep2003). The
  impact of cognitive styles on perceptual
  distributed multimedia quality, British Journal
  of Educational Technology, Vol.34 Issue 4 p.393.
  Retrieved September 5, 2003 from Charles W.
  Chessnut E-database at FSU.
• Graff, Martin(Sep2003). Learning from web-based
  instructional systems and cognitive style,
  British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol.34
  Issue 4,p.407, 12p Retrieved September 5, 2003
  from Charles W. Chessnut E-database at FSU.
• Sonnenwarld, Diane and LI,Bin(Sep2003).
  Scientific Collaborations in higher education
  exploring learning style preferences and
  perceptions of technology, Vol.34 Issue 4, p.419,
  13p Retrieved September 5, 2003 from Charles W.
  Chessnut E-database at FSU.
• John T.E.(Sep2003). Approaches to studying and
  perceptions of academic quality in a short
  web-based course, British Journal of Educational
  Technology Vol.34 Issues 4 p.433, 10p Retrieved
  September 5, 2003 from Charles W. Chessnut
  E-database at FSU.

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Instructional Technology

• AL-Batinen, Adel and Brooks, Leanne(Jul2003).
  Challenges, Advantages and disadvantages if
  instructional technology in the college
  classroom, Community College Journal of Research
  and Practice, Vol.27 Issue 6,p.473, 12p.
  Retrieved September 5, 2003 from Charles W.
  Chesnut E-database at FSU.
• (Jun2003), Pearson Educ. Merges two Instructional
  Technology Groups under Pearson Digital Learning
  name, Electronic Education report, Vol.10
  Issue11,p.1, p.2. Retrieved September 5, 2003
  from Charles W. Chesnut E-database at FSU.
• Carter, Howard and Rundblad, Kevin(JUn2003). The
  villiage of ISS providing library-based
  instructional support, information technology and
  libraries, Vol.22 Issue 2 p.547 p.1 Retrieved
  September 5, 2003 from Charles W. Chesnut
  E-database at FSU.
• Dirst, Tearh L (Jun2003). Improving art history
  education library and faulty partnership in
  instructional technology development,
  ionformation technology and libraries, Vol. 22
  Issue 2, p.83 Retrieved September 5, 2003 from
  Charles W. Chesnut E-database at FSU.

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Technology Integration

• Tansey, Mike(Jun2003), Intelleigent Content and
  tEchnology, Integration, ABA Journal, Vol. 89
  Issue 6, p.473, 12p. Retrieved September 5, 2003
  from Charles W. Chesnut E-database at FSU.
• Barrom, Ann E Kember, Kate Harmes, Christine
  and Kalaydjian, Kinberley(Summer2003) large-scale
  Research study on Technology in Education, VOl.
  35 Issue 4 p.489, 19p. Retrieved September 5,
  2003 from Charles W. Chesnut E-database at FSU.
• Smith, Sean J. and Robinson, Suzanne(May/June03),
  Technology Integration through collaborate
  cohorts, Remedical and Special Education, Vol. 24
  Issue 3. p.154 7p. Retrieved September 5, 2003
  from Charles W. Chesnut E-database at FSU.
• Peterman, Leineda(Apr2003), Teacher modes of
  Technology intergration, T H E Journal, Vol.
  30Issue , p.37, 2p. Retrieved September 5, 2003
  from Charles W. Chesnut E-database at FSU.

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