Course Spatial Data Infrastructures

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Course Spatial Data Infrastructures GRS21304 /
K075219 Period 1 2003-2004 INTRODUCTION Case
SDI-Use Week 6 6 October 2003 (10.30
12.30) Joep Crompvoets ( Mary-Ellen Feeney)
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Overview SDIs Decision Support

• Introduction Background
• Decision Process
• Availability
• Accessibility
• Applicability
• Types of Decision-Making
• Supporting Decision Makers through the SDI
  Hierarchy
• Examples Discussion
• Introduction case SDI-Use

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SDIs Decision Support

• SDI is developed to enable
• ready access to spatial information
• to support decision-making
• at different scales
• for multiple purposes

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SDIs Decision Support

• The purpose of SDI is always to support some
  form of decision, regardless of the application
  area

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What is significant about Spatial
Decision-Making?

• spatial information is one of the most critical
  elements underpinning decision- making for many
  disciplines,
• an estimated 90 of all information used by
  government has spatial characteristics or
  attributes,

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Spatial Data Information

• 70-80 cost of any GIS project is spent for data
  collection, maintenance,...
• the same data sets will be collected by different
  agencies again again.

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SDI Decision-Support Motivations

• Avoiding costly duplication of data c
• collection maintenance
• encouraging access to common
• up-to-date data for all to use in
• their decision-making.

• What is the significance of
• this?

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SDI Decision-Support Capability

• Facilitates the Decision Process
• AND
• Facilitates different Types of
• Decision- Making

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SDI and The Decision Process
Real World
Data Sources
Data Collection
Take Action
Input of Data
Data Management
Data Retrieval Analysis
Information for decision-making
Analysis
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SDI and the Decision Process
Spatial Data Infrastructure
The Decision Process

• Availability
• Accessibility
• Applicability

• Information for decision-making
• Enabling action in the real world

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SDI and The Decision Process
Number of Datasets
Data options for decision-making
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Available for use in Decision-Making
Application Areas
Management
Science
Different Specialist Process Knowledge e.g.
biophysical socioeconomic systems
Different Fields Locations Disciplines
Existing egs of problems to be addressed
Between departments organisations
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Accessible to Decision Makers
Stakeholders
Policies
Skills and Training
Decision Makers
Privacy
Pricing
Decision Processes
Who ?
Access
Needs ?
Incentives ?
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Applicable to the Problem
Data
For overlay analysis
Models
Interoperability flexibility to work with other
tools for decision support
Tools
Interface
Usability, adaptability, user interfaces
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Applicable to the Problem
Data
Models
Type, content, format, metadata, language,
availability, volume etc.
Biophysical Socioeconomic metadata and meta models
For overlay analysis
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Interoperability flexibility to work with other
tools for decision support
Tools
Interface
GIS - statistics, maths, visualization,
wayfinding algorithms etc.
Graphical user interfaces, visual programming
languages, HTML, XML, GML, web based technology
etc.
Usability, adaptability, user interfaces
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Applicable to the Problem E.G.
Data
Soils, Climate, Topography etc.
Grain Yield Prediction
GIS
Models

Demographic Economic
Where people live Grain demand for these
settlements etc.
Interface
The combination of basic data, yield
modelling, human
demand location analysis provides a way to
evaluate food security
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SDI Decision-Support Capability

• Facilitates the Decision Process
• AND
• Facilitates different Types of Decision-Making

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SDI Development
SDI is an initiative intended to enable all
spatial data stakeholders to cooperate with
each other interact with technology in an
effective and efficient way to better achieve
their objectives within an administrative or
political level
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SDI Development
Less detailed data
Global SDI
The principle objective for any stakeholder is
to support their decision-making.
Regional SDI
National SDI
State SDI
Local SDI
Corporate SDI
More detailed Data
More detailed data
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What types of Decision-Making ?

• Organisational theory classifies decision-making
  into fundamentally three different types
• Strategic
• Management or Tactical
• Operational

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What types of Decision-Making ?
Organisational theory classifies decision-making
into fundamentally three different
types Strategic Management or
Tactical Operational
Strategic decision-making is concerned with
long-term goals policies for resource
allocation/management to meet defined objectives
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What types of Decision-Making ?
Organisational theory classifies decision-making
into fundamentally three different
types Strategic Management or
Tactical Operational
Tactical decision-making is concerned with the
acquisition efficient utilization of resources
to achieve defined goals
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What types of Decision-Making ?
Organisational theory classifies decision-making
into fundamentally three different
types Strategic Management or
Tactical Operational
Operational decision-making is concerned with the
effective efficient use of resources for
execution of specific tasks
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Types of Decision-Making
More Unstructured
Tactical/Managerial
Strategic
Operational
More structured
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Types of Decision-Making
More Unstructured
More structured
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• computer-based systems support spatial
  decision-making through data
• collection management visualisation, analysis
  integration modelling forecasting
• allowing more effective efficiently
  execution
• For example GIS, DSS

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The development of increasingly complex spatial
decision-support tools to assist in different
types of decision-making is reported in A trend
in Automated Cartography (Kelmelis, 2001)
Web-based DSS Internet GIS
Mobile Location-based Services Solutions
Web-based Spatial Data Clearinghouses
GI Technology Development
Spatially Enabled Databases
GIS
Time
1970 1985 1995 2000
2005

Popularising Use
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Types of Decision-Making
Emphasis is on modeling how the world works/
potential realities planning
More Unstructured
Tactical/Managerial
Strategic
Operational
More structured
Emphasis is on analyzing relationships
representing how the world looks/ reality acting
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Types of Decision-Making
More Unstructured
More structured
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What do we mean by Decision Complexity?

• The number of criteria to be considered
• The number of decision makers or
• people involved in the decision process
• The location of decisions in time
• space

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Why is it important that SDIs support different
types of decision-making?

• Strategic vs Managerial/Tactical vs Operational
• With different levels of complexity
• Utilizing a variety of decision-support tools

To support the objectives of stakeholders making
decisions at different administrative political
levels
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Decision-Making the SDI Hierarchy
SDI Level
Decision-Making
Global SDI
Strategic
Regional SDI
Management/Tactical
National SDI
State SDI
Local SDI
Operational
Corporate SDI
SDI need to support different types of
decision-making To support the objectives of
between different political
administrative levels in the SDI hierarchy.
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Example 1
Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa
Management/ Tactical
Operational
Strategic
Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Continental Malaria distribution Maps
Global SDI
Regional SDI
Malaria Endemnicity Data
National SDI
Spatial Models on geographic distribution,
seasonality endemnicity
Malaria Seasonality Data
Used for planning, intervention prevention by
national international health officials
State SDI
Malaria Occurrence Data
Local SDI
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Example 2 Food Insecurity in Africa
Management/ Tactical
Operational
Strategic
Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Global SDI
17 countries participate in Famine Early Warning
System
Regional SDI
Satellite Imagery
Predictive rainfall/ weather data
National SDI
Estimates of animal/veg amt vigour
State SDI
Yield data
Market ? condition monitoring
Local SDI
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Example 3
Water Insecurity in Victoria
Management/ Tactical
Operational
Strategic
Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Decision-Making
Global SDI
Regional SDI
Fire risk, Drought risk, Export commitments (e.g.
wheat)etc.
National SDI
Estimates of distribution qty reserves
Predictive rainfall/ weather data
State SDI
Restriction thresholds implementation
Predictive consumption
Local SDI
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Case SDI-Policy DESCRIPTION Yesterday (5
October, 2003), a national disaster happened in
Utopia. The East part of the country (Purgatory
Town) was hit by an earthquake (7.8 on the scale
of Richter). The whole area is in ruins.
Thousands of people died and many more are
injured. The local fire stations and hospitals
are damaged and not operational. Since an
implemented SDI is missing and local archives
are ruined, access to data sources for (vital)
geo-information about the area has become
impossible.
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Purgatory city
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Today (800 AM), the Minister of State for the
Interior received the "master plan" which your
SDI-project team had submitted last Friday.
During this week he will have several meetings 
with your team about the proposals included that
document, because next Friday he has to present
and defend the national SDI master plan in the
parliament. After having gone through your report
a first time, he asks your team whether the
suggested SDI (if implemented) would have suited
the current needs of the emergency services for
decision-making. In addition, he notices that in
his opinion several potential SDI-users and their
SDI-requirements are missing. He wants to receive
a reply to his question and a revised list of
potential users on the shortest possible term.
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Assignment Extend the current list of the
potential SDI-users. Define for each of these
the user requirements for decision-making. Trace,
whether the proposed Utopia SDI, if available
now, would have survived the earthquake, and if
so, whether it could have supported the emergency
services for their decision-making under the
circumstances the earthquake has caused. Motivate
your answer.
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Objectives List the (emergency) users Determine
their main Level of hierarchy Determine their
SDI-requirements for decision-making Analyze
(proposed) Utopian SDI suitability to meet these
requirements (especially in case of
emergency). Determine criteria for analysis
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Good luck with the case assignment