Indus River Valley

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Indus River Valley

• Chapter 4 Review Game

2

• What unique physical features do the nations of
  Japan the Philippines have in common?

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• They are both archipelagos, or chains of islands

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• Why would you expect Asia to have a great variety
  of climate, landforms and people?

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• Its size
• North-south extent would produce many diverse
  environments and physical features as well as
  differences in how people adapted to them.

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• A high mountain plain where many of the
  continents powerful rivers begin.

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• Plateau

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• This physical feature divides India Nepal from
  Tibet and China.

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• Himalayas

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• How do the Himalayas affect the climate and
  lifestyle of the people of Asia?

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• It blocks clouds that blow north from the Indian
  Ocean.
• This causes heavy rainfall on the ocean-facing
  sides of the mountains and small amounts on their
  northern sides.

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• In India the months of November through May
  remain dry and intensely hot. During these months
  dry ______________ blow across South Asia from
  the northeast.

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• Winter Monsoons

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• From June to October moisture bearing monsoons
  from the southeast and southwest sweep across the
  continent. These are the __________ monsoons.

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• Summer monsoons

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• What are the positive negative effects of the
  summer monsoons?

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• Farmers welcome the monsoons heavy sheets of
  rain to water their crops.
• If too much monsoon rain falls, it may lead to
  flooding and a loss of life and property.

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• This river begins in high snow-covered mountains
  and flows southwest into the Arabian Sea.

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• The Indus River

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• A large landmass that is geographically separated
  from the rest of the continent.

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• A subcontinent

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• What causes the Indus River to flood in the
  spring?

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• In the spring the Indus fills with melting
  mountain snow.
• It flows from the Himalaya south to the Arabian
  Sea.
• During the flood season the swollen river spills
  across the plain spreading fertile silt.
• This enables farming.

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• The Indus River flows through what three
  countries?

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• China, Pakistan, India

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• When did people begin farming in the Indus Valley?

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• 6,000 B.C.

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• What were some advantages of a two crop year?
  What made this possible?

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• People could grow a wider variety of crops in
  greater amounts.
• Wheat and barley were planted in the fall and
  harvested just before melting snow caused spring
  floods.
• Then farmers planted fields with cotton and
  sesame. Dirt walls protected these crops from the
  Indus floods.
• By the following fall, the second crops were
  ready for harvest.

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• Discuss why the Indus River was important to the
  people of the Indus Valley

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• The Indus River enabled farmers to irrigate and
  cultivate their fields, just as other rivers
  helped farmers in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• Indus Valley farmers were able to plant several
  crops throughout the year.

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• What were some of the environmental challenges
  that the people of the Indus faced?

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• Floodwalls did not always hold the river waters.
• When the walls collapsed, fields and entire
  villages could be flooded.
• Wildlife in the valley could also bring problems
  Tigers, jackals, and wild pigs threatened the
  lives of farmers. Deer and birds often ate
  farmers crops.

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• In 1921 archaeologists discovered the ruins of
  this lost city.

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• Harappa

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• Today the first Indus River Valley Civilization
  is called the ____________ Civilization.

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• The Harappan Civilization

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• A year after Harappa was uncovered,
  archaeologists found another city 400 mi. away.
  This city was called ___________, which meant
  _________.

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• Mohenjo-Daro
• Mound of the Dead.

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• What factors might have caused a strong central
  government to emerge in the Indus Valley?

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• The cities in the valley were linked by the river
  and had similar economies and ways of life.
• The people had a surplus of food, which could be
  used to pay taxes to support a central government.

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• What accomplishments made the Harappans unique
  and advanced for their time?

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• The Harappans used precise measurements .
• Bricklayers used standard-sized bricks, unlike
  the irregular sized bricks used in Mesopotamia.
• Pioneered ways to keep their cities clean many
  houses had their own toilets they had a sewer
  system.
• Wide paved avenues/apartment buildings.

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• Why were the Aryan herders less likely to build
  large cities than the Harappan farmers?

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• Herders had to keep moving to find pastures for
  their animals.
• Also, herders did not create enough of a surplus
  to support cities.

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• What was the purpose of the citadel that stood at
  the west end of Mohenjo-Daro?

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• A citadel is a strong fortress surrounded by
  thick walls to protect it against enemies and
  floodwaters.

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• Why do you think it took archaeologists so many
  years to find Harappa only one year after that
  to find Mohenjo-Daro?

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• After finding Harappa, archaeologists knew there
  had been a civilization in the area, so they knew
  that more cities would probably have existed.

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• In what ways were the Indus Valley cities like
  modern cities?

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• Streets were paved and laid out in a definite
  pattern
• Well built houses lined the streets
• There were apartment buildings with balconies and
  courtyards.

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• Why have archaeologists had trouble learning how
  the Harappans lived?

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• Scholars cannot read the symbols on Harappan
  artifacts yet.
• They have been able to make some conclusion about
  life in the Indus River Valley (The Harappan
  Civilization) regardless.

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• How did traders transport goods to Mohenjo-Daro?

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• By ship
• By cart
• On foot

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• What crafts did the Harappans develop? What made
  this possible?

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• Weaving, pottery making, metalworking, sculpting
  (seals), and jewelry making.
• As in Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, such
  specialization required a surplus of food!
• Excess crops were collected and kept in large
  storehouses.
• Perhaps in Ancient Egypt, government workers
  collected a part of farmers crops as a tax.
• The stored grain may have been redistributed
  later, as payment to city workers or govt.
  employees.

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• What were some of the theories associated with
  the Harappan Civilizations decline fall in
  1600 B.C.?

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• The decline may have been due to a war or to a
  natural disaster a flood or lack of rainfall
  making farming very difficult.
• Some archaeologists believe it was due to an
  earthquake which could have caused floods that
  destroyed the regions large cities.
• This earthquake even could have caused the course
  of the Indus River to change.

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• In 1500 B.C. this group crossed the icy passes of
  the ___________ mountains from Central Asia
  moved south into India.

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• The Aryans
• Hindu Kush

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• How were the Aryans different from the people of
  the Indus?

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• The Aryans had a different language Sanskrit.
• The Aryans and the Harappans had different
  religions.
• The Aryans were animal herders and lived in small
  villages, whereas the Harappans were farmers and
  lived in large cities.

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• Why are the Vedas, (also called the Book of
  Knowledge) important to Hinduism?

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• They contain the basic beliefs of Hinduism.
• They offer an explanation of life, and they tell
  Hindus how they should live.

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• One of the worlds oldest religions, which began
  with the Aryan invaders of India.

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• Hinduism

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• Hindus believe that there are four distinct
  classes in society. These classes of people
  developed into Indias complex __________________.

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• Caste System

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• What is reincarnation?

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• According to the Vedas, people move in a
  continuing cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
  reincarnation.
• Each reincarnation is a punishment or reward for
  the life one led before.

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• Explain the way in which Hindus can possibly
  change or alter their caste.

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• Good deeds done in ones life are rewarded by
  birth into a higher caste in the next life.
• People who are born as servants, then, are paying
  for wrongs done in past lives.

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• The Book of Knowledge provides laws duties
  called _________ that tell Hindus of each caste
  how to live.

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• Dharma

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• How are the untouchables defined according to
  the Hindu Caste System?

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• These are the outcasts who have done something
  against the rules of their caste.
• Their children also become untouchables which
  means they are forced to live a life of terrible
  poverty.

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• True or False
• Unlike some other religions, Hinduism permits
  more than one god, and more than one way to truth.

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• True!

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• Today, most Hindus live in the nations of
  _________ and ________.

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• India Pakistan

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• What are some modern Hindu beliefs?

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• Many Hindus still consider the Vedas the most
  holy books of their religion.
• Most modern Hindu families still worship the gods
  Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesh and Devi in temples and at
  special festivals.
• In 1950, the government of India ended the caste
  system and made it illegal to mistreat or to show
  disrespect for Hindu outcasts.

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• Why did Siddhartha decide to become a monk?

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• He wanted to be at peace, as was the monk he had
  seen.
• He also wanted to end suffering and to find the
  meaning of life.

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• How are Buddhism Hinduism alike?

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• Both teach the ideas of the cycle of birth,
  death, and reincarnation, or rebirth and karma.

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• What is the Eightfold Path?

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• Rules for the proper way to live that the Buddha
  said would end suffering.

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• __________ spread to what are today China, Japan,
  Korea, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan,
  Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam.

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• Buddhism

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• What kinds of disagreements led to different
  schools of Buddhist thought?

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• Disagreements emerged over whether the Buddha was
  a man or a god, how to live the Middle Way, and
  how people reached truth and freedom from
  suffering.