Theories of Games and Play

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Theories of Games and Play
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The Game(?) of War

• Each player gets half the deck
• Simultaneous card dealing
• Higher card takes both
• Ties create WAR!
• Three cards face down, one face up
• Repeated wars
• Returning won cards to hand
• Win condition collect all cards

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The Game(?) of War

• Is War a game?
• Why or why not?

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Other Game(?)s

• Whats a corner case?
• What are some other
• corner games?

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Rhetorics of Games

• Games as technological artifacts
• Games as formal systems
• Games as emotional experiences
• Games as cultural constructs
• Games as social experiences
• Games as tools
• Games as imaginary spaces

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Meier

• A game is a series of interesting choices.

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Meier

• A game is a series of interesting choices.
• No single option should be the best.
• The options should not be equally good.
• The player must be able to make an informed
  choice.
• Rollings/Adams revision one or more causally
  linked series of challenges in a simulated
  environment.

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Avedon Sutton-Smith

• At its most elementary level then we can define
  game as an exercise of voluntary control systems
  in which there is an opposition between forces,
  confined by a procedure and rules in order to
  produce a disequilibrial outcome.

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Kelley

• A game is a form of recreation constituted by a
  set of rules that specify an object to be
  attained and the permissible means of attaining
  it.

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Salen Zimmerman

• A game is a system in which players engage in
  an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that
  results in a quantifiable outcome.

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Costikyan

• A game is a form of art in which participants,
  termed players, make decisions in order to manage
  resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a
  goal.

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Suits

• To play a game is to engage in activity
  directed towards bringing about a specific state
  of affairs, using only means permitted by rules,
  where the rules prohibit more efficient in favor
  of less efficient means, and where such rules are
  accepted just because they make possible such
  activity.

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Juul

• Rules
• Variable, quantifiable outcome
• Value assigned to possible outcomes
• Player effort
• Player attached to outcome
• Negotiable consequences

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Huizinga

• ... a free activity standing quite
  consciously outside ordinary life as being not
  serious, but at the same time absorbing the
  player intensely and utterly. It is an activity
  connected with no material interest, and no
  profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within
  its own proper boundaries of time and space
  according to fixed rules and in an orderly
  manner. It promotes the formation of social
  groupings which tend to surround themselves with
  secrecy and to stress their difference from the
  common world by disguise or other means.

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Caillois

• ... an activity which is essentially Free
  (voluntary), separate in time and space,
  uncertain, unproductive, governed by rules,
  make-believe.

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Caillois
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Caillois
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Crawford

• I perceive four common factors representation
  "a closed formal system that subjectively
  represents a subset of reality", interaction,
  conflict, and safety "the results of a game are
  always less harsh than the situations the game
  models".

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Crawford
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Crawford
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Commonalities

• Rules
• Outcome
• Goals
• Interactive
• Effortful

• Engaging
• Separate
• Voluntary
• Communal
• Representational

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Games and Play
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Rhetorics of Play

• Progress
• Fate
• Power
• Identity
• Imagination
• The Self
• Frivolity

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So What?

• Why should we care as
• Designers
• Developers
• Academics
• Players
• Communicators