BTG Biomass Technology Group

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• BTG Biomass Technology Group

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Representing
BTG biomass technology In North America
BTG started at the University Twente (NL) as a
group of reactor engineering (1979 - 1986) BTG
is an independent, private firm specialized in
the process of biomass conversion into fuels and
energy (25 years) BTG is a world-wide
development and implementation of economic and
environmentally sound bio-energy
systems. Field-experience in more than 80
countries.
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What is Fast Pyrolysis?
Process that converts biomass into a liquid
product bio-oil organic material is rapidly
heated to 450 600oC in absence of air.
Breaks down material into a large number of
relatively small molecules End products are
75wt liquid oil, 12 char and 13 gas.
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Why Use Fast Pyrolysis?

• Main purpose is to produce liquid bio-oil
• Easier to transport liquid than solids or gasses
• Plant doesnt have to be located near end-use
  point of the bio-oil
• No oxygen present in process therefore
  significant decrease CO2 emissions
• No SOx Emissions
• Testing reveals that NOx emissions are half
  that from diesel fuel

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Feedstock
WOOD WASTE
WOOD CHIPS
LOGGING RESIDUE
SAW DUST
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Biomass Feedstock

• Alfalfa
• corn stover
• crop residues
• debarking waste
• forage grasses
• forest residues
• hulls
• municipal solid waste
• sawdust

• pomace, scrap and spoilage (fruit vegetable
  processing)
• spent grains
• spent hops
• spent yeast
• switch grass
• waste wood chips
• wood chips

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Fast Pyrolysis Process

• The Feed stock must be dry lt 10wt moisture
  content
• Particle size should be lt 6mm
• Thermal degradation in absence of oxygen
  occurs in the fast pyrolysis reactor
• The char must be removed from pyrolysis
  vapors
• The vapors are quenched and the liquids
  collected

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Pyrolysis process
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Bio-Oil

• Bio-Oil is a liquid mixture of oxygenated
  compounds containing various chemical functional
  groups, such as carbonyl, carboxyl and phenolic
  groups.
• Typically a dark brown free flowing liquid.
• The density is very high 1.2 kg/liter,
  (light fuel oil at around 0.85 kg/ liter)
• The bio-liquid has about 42 of the energy
  content of fuel oil on a weight basis, but 61 on
  a volumetric basis.
• The liquid is chemically unstable and must
  be stored at room temperature
• Water miscible
• Not miscible with hydrocarbons
• Ages - viscosity increases with time

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Bio-oil Production Plant
Capacity 2 ton/hr Modular construction Detailed
design construction of pyrolysis unit in NL
(2004) Shipped to Malaysia in January 2005.
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Module Plant Assembly
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2 t/hr pyrolysis plant in Malaysia
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• Magellan Aerospace Corp.
  Developed a Unique Gas Turbine.

OGT 2500 Industrial Gas Turbine Package The
compact, dependable OGT2500 is an ideal choice
for efficient, small-scale, 50 or 60 Hz power
requirements. Its single shaft design,
integral epicyclic gearbox, two silo
combustion system, and rotatable exhaust manifold
enable the OGT2500 to easily adapt to a wide
range of simple cycle, combined cycle, or
cogeneration applications. The OGT2500 delivers
an ISO rating of 2.85MW at the output shaft with
28.5 efficiency. The OGT2500 is designed to suit
the requirements of utilities, industrial power
generation, oil and gas applications, including
paper mills, hospitals, petrochemical facilities
and other cogeneration applications.
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Process Flow Chart
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Typical Site Performance Power, kW at generator
terminals 2720 Efficiency, 27.3 Dimensions
Length 30 ft./9.15 m Width 10 ft./3.05
m Height Main Enclosure 10 ft./3.05 m Typical
Exhaust 25 ft./7.65m Weight 80,000 lbs./36,300 kg
OGT2500 Features
Cold end drive simplifies waste
heat configurations and allows ready access to
gearbox drive auxiliaries. Common lube system
for generator, engine and gearbox simplifies
design and maintenance. Ample borescope points
allow easy, in package, condition monitoring of
critical engine areas. Twin silo combustors are
easily accessed in the package for inspection and
service. In line gearbox output shaft provides
a high power to size ratio. Uncomplicated,
industrial design reduces maintenance and allows
the unit to burn a wide range of fuels. Ample
enclosure access complete with integral engine
removal system.
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Cogeneration
Simultaneous production of two or more types of
usable energy from a single energy source (also
called Cogeneration) Use of waste heat from
power generation equipment
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Biomass Gasification
IntroductionGenerally, biomass gasification is a
thermal conversion technology where a solid fuel
is converted into a combustible gas. A limited
supply of oxygen, air, steam or a combination
serves as the oxidizing agent. The product gas
mainly consists of carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, methane, water, nitrogen, but
also contaminants like e.g. small char particles,
ash and tars. After cleaning the gas makes is
suitable for boiler, engine use, and turbine use
to produce heat and power (CHP).
ProcessChemistryThe substance of a solid fuel
is usually composed of the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. In the Gasifiers considered,
the biomass is heated by combustion. Four
different processes can be distinguished in
gasification drying, pyrolysis, oxidation and
reduction.
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The water gas shift reaction determines to a
large extent the final gas composition. The
equilibrium constant (Kw) can be written as. Kw
/ CO2 x H2 / CO x H2O In practice, the
equilibrium composition of the gas will only be
reached in cases where the reaction rate and the
time for reaction are sufficient. Below 700 the
water-gas shift becomes so slow -without a
catalyst- that the equilibrium is said to be
'frozen'. The gas composition then remains
unchanged. Methane equilibrium will only be
reached at very high temperatures ( gt 1200 C)
Short process description Gasifiers are already
investigated for more than a century, and many
different types have been developed. The figure
below summarizes the main types and their typical
operating window.
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For CHP applications in the small to medium size
BTG applies the co-current fixed bed, and the
fluidized bed gasifier. In both cases air is used
as the oxidant, and the gasifier is operated at
ambient pressure. The next table presents typical
gas composition data as obtained from wood and
charcoal co-current gasifiers operated on low to
medium moisture content fuels (wood 20, charcoal
7).
For synthesis gas production BTG considers the
pressurized, oxygen-blown entrained flow gasifier
fed with bio-oil (see bio-oil application ).
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Project Considerations
Reliable, long-term supply of fuel Capital costs
must be kept under control Need customer for
both heat and power Negotiate sale of
electricity onto grid if not all consumed
on-site Typically plant is sized for heating
base load (i.e. minimum heating load under
normal operating conditions) Heat output
typically equal to 100 to 200 of the
electricity output Heat can be used for
cooling through absorption chillers Risk
associated with uncertainty of future
electricity / natural gas / Market price spread
( spot )