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Library Pricing: Value Propositions

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Convenience/ease of simple delivery. Immediacy (browsing) vs doc delivery ... convenience vs research options? Backfiles (PROLA, ADS, HighWire, Elsevier) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Library Pricing: Value Propositions


1
Library Pricing Value Propositions
  • David Stern
  • Director of Science Libraries
  • Yale University

david.e.stern_at_yale.edu http//www.librar
y.yale.edu/science/jrnlsol.html
Charleston Conference, November 7, 2003
2
Library Pricing Trends and Futures
  • Values and Deliverables
  • Value definitions
  • Options required and supplementary
  • Selection factors
  • Alternative options
  • traditional commercial paradigm
  • new approaches
  • Pricing Models
  • Individual libraries
  • Consortia
  • Profiles/Agents
  • Alternative models
  • Value vs. Risk

3
Values relative to population needs
  • Libraries
  • Content per Dollar
  • Cost-per-use
  • Immediacy (browsing) vs doc delivery
  • Competitive advantage (ALL packages)
  • Functionality per Dollar
  • Enhanced (added-value) services
  • Links, Sophisticated Searching, etc.
  • as options, not implied
  • duplicate existing services

4
Values relative definitions
  • Readers
  • Content and Time
  • Coverage (one-stop)
  • Convenience/ease of simple delivery
  • Immediacy (browsing) vs doc delivery
  • Functionality
  • Added value services
  • SFX research extensibility
  • Citation tracking
  • Find Similar
  • AutoAlerts

5
Values other definitions
  • Authors
  • Readership
  • Priority (claim of originality)
  • Subscription domain ( of readers)
  • Related to quality of Editorial Board
  • Recognition (citation analysis)
  • Cost-per-submission
  • Functionality
  • Added value services
  • citation notification
  • manuscript management (speed)

6
Values varying definitions
  • Editors
  • Quality
  • Peer review
  • Impact Factor
  • Recognition
  • Functionality
  • Added value services
  • manuscript management (ease)

7
Values alternative definitions
  • Publishers
  • Readership
  • Revenue
  • Subscription domain ( of readers)
  • Recognition (branding)
  • Mission distribution at fair price
  • Return profit to shareholders
  • Reduce society dues
  • Fund other projects (outreach, education,
    conferences)
  • Functionality
  • Added value services
  • citation notification
  • branding (portal of choice)

8
Online Journals Offer New Elements
  • Significant New Possibilities
  • Core Services
  • Basic tools provided as the default
  • Supplementary options
  • Enhanced for a surcharge
  • Optional elements
  • Really worth the cost?
  • Mis-directed development?

9
Online Elements basic changes and impacts
  • Distribution
  • 24x7 access (plus no bindery time)
  • Convenience (desktop delivery)
  • Less lag time
  • Reduced fees (possible)
  • Archiving and enhancement costs
  • Package plans
  • Group purchase mentality
  • less critical use-based customization
  • Reduced incentive due to smaller savings
  • Peer review
  • Filtering (NO SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE?)
  • Software development/support
  • Less lag time
  • Reduced fees/overhead (possible)

10
Core Service Elements
  • Distribution
  • Simple distribution (OAI capabilities)
  • Archiving (LOCKKS, society, commercial)
  • Linking options (OpenURL, CrossRef, etc)
  • Peer review
  • Software development
  • Less management and less cost recovery
  • Revenue stream sources
  • Subscriptions (Differential pricing options)
  • Institutional subsidies (academic and corporate)
  • Unbundled and Use-based price models
  • Open access with subsidies
  • Premium services (navigation aids)
  • differential base fee plus Add-on options
  • Options for a fee to reduce duplication of
    services
  • Citation db links, SFX, ENCompass, WebFeat

11
Optional Elements?
  • Formatting
  • Possible reduction in effort/cost
  • Added-value links and services
  • As options for a fee
  • Branding
  • Not desirable for users vs cost/value
  • Portals/Gateways
  • Misleading scope and depth
  • Online community services
  • Not always appropriate for library funding
  • Savings creation and RD costs reduced

12
Market Factors
  • Selection factors
  • Relation to user desires?
  • Relation to library requirements?
  • Options offered
  • Acceptance of presented options or
  • Leverage to modify and design alternatives

13
Market Factors
  • Librarian selection factors
  • Faculty requests
  • Editorial boards
  • Publications
  • Reserve materials
  • Perceived quality
  • ISI impact factors
  • Publisher reputation
  • JCR analysis
  • perceptions based upon use data
  • Cost-per-use studies
  • vs. on-demand access options

14
Market Factors
  • Author value concerns
  • Quality Peer review
  • Editorial Board NOT imprint
  • Organic Letters
  • Evolutionary Ecology
  • Reader value concerns
  • Federated/Broadcast domain
  • Search capability across publishers
  • Current awareness capability
  • NOT publisher based searching
  • NOT publisher based TOC delivery

15
Market Factors
  • Additional value issues
  • Cost
  • SPARC alternatives (_lowest_ possible price?)
  • LANL preprint server (peer review overlay for
    PT, not needed to serve as an adequate
    distribution mechanism)
  • Enhanced Links
  • Integrated Media
  • CrossRef, SFX, MetaLib, WebFeat
  • convenience vs research options?
  • Backfiles (PROLA, ADS, HighWire, Elsevier)
  • Metadata (sophisticated searching)
  • Charts, Tables, Image captions
  • Customization
  • Preferences, commenting, Virtual File cabinet
  • At top level NOT publisher level (Axiom)

16
Paradigm Changes
  • Existing Publisher models
  • Subscriptions
  • Publisher alternatives
  • Big Deal packages
  • Differential pricing
  • Non-publisher alternatives
  • SPARC, OAI, PLoS, arXiv
  • Market changes (new factors)
  • Library reactions and new pricing models
  • Leading to paradigm shift
  • From Ownership or Access
  • To Ownership of Access
  • Free alternatives (the future?)

17
Historical Trends
18
Historical Trends
(83)
19
Publisher Reactions
  • New paper journals
  • Niche products
  • SPARC lower cost titles?
  • NOT removing higher priced titles
  • any added value compared to others?
  • Electronic journals
  • Alternative publication models
  • Commercial (SPARC, HighWire)
  • ARLO (page charge library fee approach)
  • ATMP (overlay on free material)
  • PRST-AB (page charges sponsors)
  • OAI servers (Budapest, CogPrint)
  • Public Library of Science (page charges)
  • BioMed Central
  • Open access Institutional subsidies
  • Corporate contributions?

JOURNALS

20
Other market changes
  • Non peer-reviewed alternatives (Deep Web)
  • IBM genetics database (non-published data)
  • Cost models
  • Package deals (individual/Consortia)
  • Differential pricing
  • Soros Foundation/eIFL Direct (free journals)
  • Pay-per-view (Removal of subscription model)
  • Post publication peer review
  • eBooks
  • expansion of inflation factor
  • Unbundled options
  • Seamless packages (searching across ALL
    products)
  • Books (chapters, tables), Series, Encyclopedic
    material, Journal articles)

21
Initial Library Reactions
  • Shift in allocations
  • Journal/Book allocations shift
  • Change book purchase scope/methods
  • Approval plans (some reductions)
  • Continuations (Reduced/Shifted to Firm)
  • Firm orders (Reduced)
  • Increased back order wish lists
  • Document Delivery
  • hopes for improvement
  • new seamless PDFs to desktop
  • credit accounts to subsidize (a la LSU)

22
Creative Library Reactions
  • Differential Pricing models
  • Call for more equitable subsidies
  • based upon use or projected use
  • within consortial packages
  • Utility over Quality issues
  • ILL time lag concern being reduced
  • ILL image quality issues removed?
  • Seamless access for users

23
Pricing alternatives
  • Pricing models
  • local vs group options
  • Differential pricing
  • Unbundled materials
  • Purchasing agents
  • Alternative Peer Review options

24
Reactions to Higher/New Costs
  • Individual libraries
  • Use studies
  • Cancellation
  • Elimination of duplicate print titles
  • Cancel to buy new titles/splits
  • Selected e-journal purchases
  • E-journal package plans
  • Document Delivery option
  • Added-titles surcharge
  • With or without annual caps
  • Carry-over of unused funds
  • CCC fair use double-pay?

25
Alternative Price Models
  • Differential Pricing
  • APS - Carnegie classifications
  • AMS - productivity based
  • Science - FTE
  • AGU
  • one seat, per user, site plans
  • Unbundled items
  • Sub-article material (XML definitions)
  • new technical tracking/charging
  • across media and format types
  • within packages
  • across packages

26
Consortial Pricing
  • Less specific analysis
  • Emphasis on lowest price
  • Added value?
  • Subsidize lesser journals
  • (Flawed) user behavior studies
  • Questionable value
  • Migration to use-based pricing over time
  • Best for small libraries
  • Tiered pricing within consortia
  • Consortia perform this calculation

27
New Pricing Models
  • Paradigm shift
  • Accountability related to use
  • Migration to use-based pricing
  • Tiered subscription levels
  • Block pre-purchases
  • Transactional

28
Trends/Directions
  • Future
  • Fewer books purchased
  • Society based editorial boards
  • Fewer commercial journals/packages
  • Unbundled instant delivery
  • Replacement of subscription model?
  • Less expensive e-print servers
  • with peer review overlay
  • Post publication peer review

29
The Tiered Model
30
(No Transcript)
31
Post Publication Peer Review
Search Tools ()
Editorial Board(s) Peer review process
AI Services
Free E-print server(s)
High Energy Physics Moderator
Medicine Moderator
Organic Chemistry Moderator
32
Post Peer Review Options
33
Alternative Models Risk
  • Users
  • Readers little risk/change
  • Librarians little risk if involved in design
  • Standards
  • Perpetual access (functionality)
  • archiving
  • Support Systems
  • Authors/Editors
  • learning curve
  • fewer edited journals, now overlays
  • still the same peer review
  • revised Promotion and Tenure criteria
  • Publishers
  • new technologies evolving (inevitable)
  • new technical tracking/charging methods
  • new revenue streams (inevitable)
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