Title: Library Pricing: Value Propositions
1Library Pricing Value Propositions
- David Stern
- Director of Science Libraries
- Yale University
david.e.stern_at_yale.edu http//www.librar
y.yale.edu/science/jrnlsol.html
Charleston Conference, November 7, 2003
2Library Pricing Trends and Futures
- Values and Deliverables
- Value definitions
- Options required and supplementary
- Selection factors
- Alternative options
- traditional commercial paradigm
- new approaches
- Pricing Models
- Individual libraries
- Consortia
- Profiles/Agents
- Alternative models
- Value vs. Risk
-
3Values relative to population needs
- Libraries
- Content per Dollar
- Cost-per-use
- Immediacy (browsing) vs doc delivery
- Competitive advantage (ALL packages)
- Functionality per Dollar
- Enhanced (added-value) services
- Links, Sophisticated Searching, etc.
- as options, not implied
- duplicate existing services
4Values relative definitions
- Readers
- Content and Time
- Coverage (one-stop)
- Convenience/ease of simple delivery
- Immediacy (browsing) vs doc delivery
- Functionality
- Added value services
- SFX research extensibility
- Citation tracking
- Find Similar
- AutoAlerts
5Values other definitions
- Authors
- Readership
- Priority (claim of originality)
- Subscription domain ( of readers)
- Related to quality of Editorial Board
- Recognition (citation analysis)
- Cost-per-submission
- Functionality
- Added value services
- citation notification
- manuscript management (speed)
6Values varying definitions
- Editors
- Quality
- Peer review
- Impact Factor
- Recognition
- Functionality
- Added value services
- manuscript management (ease)
7Values alternative definitions
- Publishers
- Readership
- Revenue
- Subscription domain ( of readers)
- Recognition (branding)
- Mission distribution at fair price
- Return profit to shareholders
- Reduce society dues
- Fund other projects (outreach, education,
conferences) - Functionality
- Added value services
- citation notification
- branding (portal of choice)
8Online Journals Offer New Elements
- Significant New Possibilities
- Core Services
- Basic tools provided as the default
- Supplementary options
- Enhanced for a surcharge
- Optional elements
- Really worth the cost?
- Mis-directed development?
9Online Elements basic changes and impacts
- Distribution
- 24x7 access (plus no bindery time)
- Convenience (desktop delivery)
- Less lag time
- Reduced fees (possible)
- Archiving and enhancement costs
- Package plans
- Group purchase mentality
- less critical use-based customization
- Reduced incentive due to smaller savings
- Peer review
- Filtering (NO SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE?)
- Software development/support
- Less lag time
- Reduced fees/overhead (possible)
10Core Service Elements
- Distribution
- Simple distribution (OAI capabilities)
- Archiving (LOCKKS, society, commercial)
- Linking options (OpenURL, CrossRef, etc)
- Peer review
- Software development
- Less management and less cost recovery
- Revenue stream sources
- Subscriptions (Differential pricing options)
- Institutional subsidies (academic and corporate)
- Unbundled and Use-based price models
- Open access with subsidies
- Premium services (navigation aids)
- differential base fee plus Add-on options
- Options for a fee to reduce duplication of
services - Citation db links, SFX, ENCompass, WebFeat
11Optional Elements?
- Formatting
- Possible reduction in effort/cost
-
- Added-value links and services
- As options for a fee
- Branding
- Not desirable for users vs cost/value
- Portals/Gateways
- Misleading scope and depth
- Online community services
- Not always appropriate for library funding
- Savings creation and RD costs reduced
12Market Factors
- Selection factors
- Relation to user desires?
- Relation to library requirements?
- Options offered
- Acceptance of presented options or
- Leverage to modify and design alternatives
13Market Factors
- Librarian selection factors
- Faculty requests
- Editorial boards
- Publications
- Reserve materials
- Perceived quality
- ISI impact factors
- Publisher reputation
- JCR analysis
- perceptions based upon use data
- Cost-per-use studies
- vs. on-demand access options
14Market Factors
- Author value concerns
- Quality Peer review
- Editorial Board NOT imprint
- Organic Letters
- Evolutionary Ecology
- Reader value concerns
- Federated/Broadcast domain
- Search capability across publishers
- Current awareness capability
- NOT publisher based searching
- NOT publisher based TOC delivery
15Market Factors
- Additional value issues
- Cost
- SPARC alternatives (_lowest_ possible price?)
- LANL preprint server (peer review overlay for
PT, not needed to serve as an adequate
distribution mechanism) - Enhanced Links
- Integrated Media
- CrossRef, SFX, MetaLib, WebFeat
- convenience vs research options?
- Backfiles (PROLA, ADS, HighWire, Elsevier)
- Metadata (sophisticated searching)
- Charts, Tables, Image captions
- Customization
- Preferences, commenting, Virtual File cabinet
- At top level NOT publisher level (Axiom)
16Paradigm Changes
- Existing Publisher models
- Subscriptions
- Publisher alternatives
- Big Deal packages
- Differential pricing
- Non-publisher alternatives
- SPARC, OAI, PLoS, arXiv
- Market changes (new factors)
- Library reactions and new pricing models
- Leading to paradigm shift
- From Ownership or Access
- To Ownership of Access
- Free alternatives (the future?)
17Historical Trends
18Historical Trends
(83)
19Publisher Reactions
- New paper journals
- Niche products
- SPARC lower cost titles?
- NOT removing higher priced titles
- any added value compared to others?
- Electronic journals
- Alternative publication models
- Commercial (SPARC, HighWire)
- ARLO (page charge library fee approach)
- ATMP (overlay on free material)
- PRST-AB (page charges sponsors)
- OAI servers (Budapest, CogPrint)
- Public Library of Science (page charges)
- BioMed Central
- Open access Institutional subsidies
- Corporate contributions?
JOURNALS
20Other market changes
- Non peer-reviewed alternatives (Deep Web)
- IBM genetics database (non-published data)
- Cost models
- Package deals (individual/Consortia)
- Differential pricing
- Soros Foundation/eIFL Direct (free journals)
- Pay-per-view (Removal of subscription model)
- Post publication peer review
- eBooks
- expansion of inflation factor
- Unbundled options
- Seamless packages (searching across ALL
products) - Books (chapters, tables), Series, Encyclopedic
material, Journal articles)
21Initial Library Reactions
- Shift in allocations
- Journal/Book allocations shift
- Change book purchase scope/methods
- Approval plans (some reductions)
- Continuations (Reduced/Shifted to Firm)
- Firm orders (Reduced)
- Increased back order wish lists
- Document Delivery
- hopes for improvement
- new seamless PDFs to desktop
- credit accounts to subsidize (a la LSU)
-
22Creative Library Reactions
- Differential Pricing models
- Call for more equitable subsidies
- based upon use or projected use
- within consortial packages
- Utility over Quality issues
- ILL time lag concern being reduced
- ILL image quality issues removed?
- Seamless access for users
23Pricing alternatives
- Pricing models
- local vs group options
- Differential pricing
- Unbundled materials
- Purchasing agents
- Alternative Peer Review options
24Reactions to Higher/New Costs
- Individual libraries
- Use studies
- Cancellation
- Elimination of duplicate print titles
- Cancel to buy new titles/splits
- Selected e-journal purchases
- E-journal package plans
- Document Delivery option
- Added-titles surcharge
- With or without annual caps
- Carry-over of unused funds
- CCC fair use double-pay?
25Alternative Price Models
- Differential Pricing
- APS - Carnegie classifications
- AMS - productivity based
- Science - FTE
- AGU
- one seat, per user, site plans
- Unbundled items
- Sub-article material (XML definitions)
- new technical tracking/charging
- across media and format types
- within packages
- across packages
26Consortial Pricing
- Less specific analysis
- Emphasis on lowest price
- Added value?
- Subsidize lesser journals
- (Flawed) user behavior studies
- Questionable value
- Migration to use-based pricing over time
- Best for small libraries
- Tiered pricing within consortia
- Consortia perform this calculation
27New Pricing Models
- Paradigm shift
- Accountability related to use
- Migration to use-based pricing
- Tiered subscription levels
- Block pre-purchases
- Transactional
28Trends/Directions
- Future
- Fewer books purchased
- Society based editorial boards
- Fewer commercial journals/packages
- Unbundled instant delivery
- Replacement of subscription model?
- Less expensive e-print servers
- with peer review overlay
- Post publication peer review
29The Tiered Model
30(No Transcript)
31Post Publication Peer Review
Search Tools ()
Editorial Board(s) Peer review process
AI Services
Free E-print server(s)
High Energy Physics Moderator
Medicine Moderator
Organic Chemistry Moderator
32Post Peer Review Options
33Alternative Models Risk
- Users
- Readers little risk/change
- Librarians little risk if involved in design
- Standards
- Perpetual access (functionality)
- archiving
- Support Systems
- Authors/Editors
- learning curve
- fewer edited journals, now overlays
- still the same peer review
- revised Promotion and Tenure criteria
- Publishers
- new technologies evolving (inevitable)
- new technical tracking/charging methods
- new revenue streams (inevitable)