Cabling Structured Cabling Standards

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CablingStructured Cabling Standards
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Structured Cabling

• Structured Cabling is the foundation for any
  communications installation.
• An appropriate cabling installation ensures the
  proper operation of equipment, manageability,
  organization, and expandability of a
  communications network.

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Network Cabling

• In the early 1980's a variety of cable types and
  designs were utilized. Coaxial and twin-axial
  cables were the most popular.
• Proprietary (non-standardized) designs were
  predominant.
• Today cabling and devices have been standardized
  in a way which makes them interoperable and
  compatible in almost any implementation.

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Standards Bodies

• These organizations are composed of
  representatives from various distributors,
  manufacturers, and customers in the
  communications industry
• ANSI - American National Standards Institute
• TIA - Telecommunication Industry Association
• EIA - Electronics Industry Association

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• EIA/TIA-568 - first version of the standard
  published July of 1991.
• TSB-36 August of 1991 a Technical Systems
  Bulletin specifications for higher grades (Cat 4,
  Cat 5) of UTP.
• TSB-40 August of 1992 TSB-40 published addressing
  higher grades of UTP connecting hardware.
• TSB-40A UTP patch cords in more detail, and to
  clarify testing requirements for UTP modular
  jacks.
• TIA/EIA-568A/(CSA T529) Commercial
  Telecommunications Cabling Standard
• EIA/TIA-569/(CSA T530) Commercial Building
  Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and
  Spaces
• EIA/TIA-570/(CSA T525) Residential and Light
  Commercial Telecommunications Wiring Standard
• TIA/EIA-606/(CSA T528) Administration Standard
  for the Telecommunications Infrastructure of
  Commercial Buildings
• TIA/EIA-607/(CSA T527) Commercial Building
  Grounding/Bonding Requirements
• TSB-67 Transmission Performance Specifications
  for Field Testing of Unshielded Twisted-Pair
  Cabling Systems
• TSB-72 Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling
  Guidelines

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Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling
Standard (ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A-95)

• Committee TR-41.8.1
• Published October 25, 1995
• Category Telecommunications
• Description This standard specifies a generic
  telecommunications cabling system for commercial
  buildings that will support a multiproduct,
  multivendor environment. It also provides
  information that may be used for the design of
  telecommunications products for commercial
  enterprises. The purpose of this standard is to
  enable the planning and installation of a
  structured cabling system for commercial buildings

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TIA/EIA-569-A

• Title Commercial Building Standards for
  Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces
  (ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A-98)
• Committee TR-41.8.3
• Published October 24, 1990
• Category Telecommunications
• Description This Standard encompasses
  telecommunications considerations both within and
  between buildings. The aspects covered are the
  pathways into which telecommunications media are
  placed and the rooms and areas associated with
  the building used to terminate media and install
  telecommunications equipment.

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Purpose of the TIA/EIA-568A Standard

• Establish a generic telecommunications cabling
  standard that will support a multivendor
  environment
• Enable the planning and installation of a
  structured cabling system for commercial
  buildings
• Establish performance and technical criteria for
  various cabling systems configurations

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TSB-67 Transmission Performance Specification
for Field Testing of Unshielded Twisted Pair
Cabling Systems

• TSB-67 defines the allowable worst case
  attenuation and NEXT for an installed link.

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Scope of the TIA/EIA-568A Standard

• Minimum requirements for telecommunications
  cabling within an office environment
• Recommended topology and distances
• Media parameters which determine performance
• Connector and pin assignments to ensure
  inter-connectability
• The useful life of telecommunications cabling
  systems as being in excess of ten years

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The Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System

• 1.Building Entrance
• 2.Equipment Room
• 3.Backbone Cabling
• Specified Topology
• 4.Telecommunications Closet
• 5.Horizontal Cabling
• Specified Topology
• Maximum Distances
• Telecommunications Outlet
• 8-Position Modular Jack Pair Assignments
• 6.Work Area

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TIA/EIA 568A Sub Systems
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1. Entrance Facility

• Point where outside plant cables and associated
  hardware are brought into the building.
• Cables from the outside end in an Equipment Room
  which is the main distribution point for the
  building. This is often called the BDF (Building
  Distribution Frame).

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2. Equipment Room

• A centralized space for communications equipment.
  
• Equipment Rooms often contain cabling
  distribution equipment.
• Patch Panels and Cross Connect Blocks are
  used to terminate or end cables and to connect
  them with other cables and equipment.

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3. Backbone Cabling

• Interconnections between closets and equipment
  rooms within a single building or between other
  buildings.
• Large buildings may contain several distribution
  points or Telecommunications Closets which are
  necessary to overcome distance limitations.
• Risers are Vertical cable runs which connect
  Telecommunications Closets on different floors.

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4. Telecom. Closet

• A space where horizontal distribution cables are
  terminated.
• All cable and media types must be terminated on
  compatible connecting hardware.
• Backbone cables are also terminated in the
  closet. Cross connection is done with jumpers or
  patch cords to provide flexible connectivity.

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5. Horizontal Cabling

• Physical media used to connect each outlet to a
  closet.
• Horizontal Cables span from Telecommunications
  closets to the wall jacks with which users
  connect their equipment.
• Copper Cables, Coaxial Cables, and Fiberoptic
  cables may be used.

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6. Work Area

• Connections and cabling on the other side of the
  telecommunications jack.

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Horizontal Cabling Distance Specifications
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568A Implementation

• offers voice and data to each workstation
• Mandates 2 jacks (1 for voice 1 for data) per
  station
• Voice Jacks 4 pair 100 Ohm Category 3 or better
• Data Jacks 4 Pair Category 5 or Better or
  multi-mode fiber.

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Media Types

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
• Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP)
• Single and Multi-Mode Fiber
• Coaxial Cable (Grand-fathered into but not
  recognized by the TIA/EIA 568 A standard).

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Media and Connecting Hardware Performance
Specifications of the 568 Standard

• Media and Connecting Hardware Performance
  Specifications
• 100 Ohm Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cabling
  Systems
• Horizontal Cable
• Backbone Cable
• UTP Connecting Hardware and Cords

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150 Ohm Shielded Twisted Pair (STP-A) Cabling
Systems

• Horizontal and Backbone STP-A Cable
• 150 Ohm STP-A Data Connector
• 150 Ohm STP-A Patch Cable
• Optical Fiber Cabling Systems
• Optical Fiber Cabling Media
• Optical Fiber Connector
• Optical Fiber Telecommunications Outlet
• TSB-67 Standard

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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

• Developed by IBM for Token Ring
• Rated at 20 MHz
• Newer STP 568 A systems can achieve 300 MHz
• Electrical Performance of Twisted Pair Cable
• Uses electrical signals to carry data
• STP cabling systems are more expensive and harder
  to install and maintain than UTP cabling systems,
  but are not necessarily better.

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UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

• Most Common type of cable installed in buildings.
• Most common media for Ethernet and LAN cabling.
• Often used in conjunction with Telephone
  distribution
• Unshielded Twisted Pair is smaller, more
  flexible, and less expensive then Shielded
  Twisted Pair.

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UTP Cables

• A communications cable using one or more pairs of
  wires that are twisted together. When driven as a
  balanced line, the twisting reduces the
  susceptibility to external interference and the
  radiation of signal energy.

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• Four Pair, 24 Gauge 100 Ohm copper cable
• Unbalanced
• PVC or Plenum Jacket
• Types of UTP Cable Category 3, 4, 5, and
  Enhanced Category 5 or Category 6

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Twist Pitch

• used in UTP cabling to identify the different
  length distance of different pairs within a
  single cable. The twist pitch varies between
  pairs to reduce the affects of NEXT or signals
  jumping from one pair to another.

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Category 3

• Transmission Frequencies up to 16 MHz
• Intended for low speed data, telephone, 4 Mbs
  Token Ring, and 10 Mbs Ethernet applications.

Category 4

• Transmission Frequencies up to 20 MHz
• Suitable for all category 3 applications as well
  as 16 Mbs Token Ring

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Category 5

• Transmission Frequencies up to 100 MHz
• Most popular for high speed applications
• Suitable for all Category 3 and 4 applications as
  well as any copper based voice, video, or data
  application such as 100 Mbs "Fast Ethernet",
  CDDI (FDDI over Copper), and possibly Gigabit
  Ethernet over copper.

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Enhanced Category 5 and Category 6

• High frequency applications such as Gigabit
  Ethernet and certainly ATM will require better
  and higher bandwidth cables than originally
  specified by the Category 5 standard. While
  Gigabit Ethernet should be compatible with
  Category 5 cabling, it is suggested that cabling
  for high speed applications including Fast
  Ethernet should exceed Category 5 standards.
• New standards are under development for such
  cabling, however enhanced Category 5 cabling is
  available now.

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UTP Installation Considerations

• Unshielded Twisted Pair is smaller, more
  flexible, and less expensive then Shielded
  Twisted Pair.
• The Entire link or infrastructure (including
  jacks and cross connect blocks) must be composed
  of Category 5 components.
• All cables and components must be installed and
  terminated properly to achieve Category 5
  standards.

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• Maximum distance of horizontal cabling is 295
  feet (90 meters).
• Patch cords max length 6m
• Horizontal Cabling 90 m
• Equipment Cords 2 m
• Maximum pull tension for Category 5 UTP is 25
  foot lbs. (to avoid stretching the twists of the
  pairs).
• 12" Minimum distance from florescent lighting
• 5" Minimum distance between power and data
  cables.
• Minimum bend radius of 1 to 4 inches
• Cables must be dressed, labeled, and managed
• Cable ties must not be tightened (Velcro is
  better)
• No staples
• At termination points the jacket should be
  striped as little as possible lt 1/2 ".

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Stranded UTP vs.. Solid UTP

• Stranded UTP
• usually used for patch cables
• wires or conductors are made of many flexible
  strands in order to make the wire stronger and
  more flexible.
• stranded UTP is not suitable for longer distances
  due to its lower efficiency than Solid UTP.

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Solid UTP

• usually used in horizontal wiring (wiring to
  jacks) in which the wires or conductors are
  solid.
• Solid UTP cables are less flexible and more
  brittle than stranded cables, however they are
  cheaper and more efficient.

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TIA/EIA 568-A/B  Modular Plug Termination

• 8 Pin Modular plugs are used to terminate UTP
  patch cables.
• Such cables are identical on either end (strait
  through)
• Two standards are available. 568A and 568 B.

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TIA/EIA 568-A/B  Modular Jack Termination

• Modular Jacks are used in patch panels and wall
  jacks for termination of UTP cables.
• Modular Jacks follow the 568A or 568B similar to
  Modular Plugs.
• All parts of a Category 5 implementation must be
  Category 5 certified for proper operation

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Optical Fiber

• Uses Light pulses to transmit data.
• Impervious to EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference)
  and RFI (Radio Frequency Interference)
• Light looses signal strength much slower than
  electricity which is good for distance.
• Fiber offers greater Bandwidth
• 1 pair of fiber can offer greater bandwidth than
  1,400 copper pairs in a voice system.
• Consists of a glass core surrounded by a
  protective coating.

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Multi-Mode and Single Mode Fiber

• Multi-Mode fiber
• Uses LEDs to transmit data
• Offers a number of "paths" for light to traverse
  or travel down a cable.
• Light travels down the core with a layer outside
  of the glass core reflecting the signal back to
  the core.
• The number of modes is determined by the
  wavelength of the light source and the size of
  the core.
• 2Km max distance for multi-mode fiber.

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Single Mode Fiber

• Single Mode Fiber
• Uses a laser to transmit data (rather than an
  LED)
• More focused single path for light to travel
  down.
• Used in long distance high bandwidth applications