The Clause:

1
The Clause

• a group of words containing a subject and
  predicate and used as part of a sentence.

2
Independent (Main) Clause

• a clause that makes complete sense on its own,
  and therefore can stand alone as a complete
  sentence.
• Stories entertain.
• Torch Day is Friday.

3
Subordinate (Dependent) Clause

• a clause that contains a subject and a predicate
  but cannot stand alone, and is used as a noun or
  a modifier. SCs must be combined with an
  independent clause.
• Stories entertain because they are amusing.
• Stories that entertain amuse people.
• Whoever wrote that story has an odd sense of
  humor.
• What is the function of each of the clauses
  bolded above?

4
Subordinate Clauses

• usually begin with a subordinating conjunction -
• Time after, as, as soon as, before, since,
  until, when, whenever, while
• Place where, wherever
• Manner as, as if, as though
• Cause as, because, inasmuch as, since, so that
• Concession although, even though, though
• Condition if, than, unless
• After completing our homework, we watched a long
  movie.

5
Subordinate Clauses

• but they may also begin with a relative pronoun
  (who, whom, whose, which, what whoever, whomever,
  whatever, whichever, that),
• Whatever you decide must be approved by the
  committee.
• or a relative adverb (when, where, why).
• I do not understand why everyone was complaining
  about the test.
• If they begin with a relative word, they are
  also known as relative clauses.

6
The Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

• a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a
  pronoun.
• An adjective clause is usually introduced by a
  relative pronoun, but can also begin with when or
  where, or the relative adjective whose.
• The movie that I watched last night was Bride of
  Frankenstein.
• That is the house where I want to live.
• Students long for the time when school is out
  again.
• Do you know the boy whose locker jammed?
• An Adjective clause usually follows the word
  it modifies.

7
Relative Pronoun

• a pronoun that begins a subordinate adjective
  clause
• Relative pronouns do three things
• refer to a preceding noun or pronoun.
• connects its clause to the rest of the sentence
• performs a function within its own clause by
  serving as the subject, object, etc., of the
  subordinate clause
• NB At times, the relative pronoun is dropped
  at the beginning of an adjective clause
• Great Expectations is a book every student should
  read.
• Mr. Rainess lecture about Christmas was
  something
• every student enjoyed hearing.
• The relative pronoun that is omitted.

8
Essential and Nonessential Clauses

• Some adjective clauses are restrictive
  (essential). This means that without them, the
  meaning would be unclear.
• Lord of the Flies is the only book (that) I
  didnt like.
• Other Adj Cs are nonrestrictive (nonessential).
  They are not needed for the meaning to be clear,
  and are ALWAYS set off by commas.
• Lord of the Flies, which was written by William
  Golding, was the only book I didnt like.
• HINT that usually introduces an essential
  clause, which usually introduces a nonessential
  clause.

9
Practice

• 1. Mrs. Blackman, who recently married, changed
  her name in the middle of the school year.
• 2. The interview with Matthew Copeland, which
  should appear today, will run in the Birmingham
  News.
• 3. That is the iPod I want for Christmas.
• 4. I will never forget the day when I thought I
  failed the phrases test, but got an A.
• 5. The people who are still helping the hurricane
  victims are mostly religious organizations.
• 6. The Red Badge of Courage, which is by Stephen
  Crane, is the last book we read.
• 7. The reason why I love Ms. Wilsons class is
  because I love English!
• 8. You can make up the test you missed on
  Wednesday.
• 9. The clauses test, which is on Tuesday, May
  8th, will be the last major grade for English
  this semester.
• 10. The boy who is extremely sarcastic is
  in my 6th period.

10
HW on Adjective Clauses

• WB pp. 107-110, Exercises 1-3

11
The Noun Clause(also relative clauses)

• a subordinate clause used as a noun
• A noun clause may be introduced by an indefinite
  relative pronoun (that, what, whatever, who,
  which, whoever, whichever, whom, whomever), an
  indefinite relative adjective (whose, which,
  whatever), or an indefinite relative adverb
  (where, when, how, however, why).
• Whatever you want for dinner is fine with me.
• Do you know yet which car you will buy?
• I remember when I met all of you on the first day
  of school.

12
The Noun Clause

• The Noun Clause may perform any function a noun
  performs S, DO, IO, PN, OP.
• NB Just like adjective clauses, noun clauses
  are sometimes introduced without an introductory
  word
• Adj
• James Earl Jones is an actor whom I admire.
• James Earl Jones is an actor I admire.
• Noun
• She says that I. M. Pei designed the glass
  pyramid at the Louvre.
• She says I. M. Pei designed the glass pyramid at
  the Louvre.

13
Practice

• When you read The Red Badge of Courage will be up
  to you.
• I recommend you read it before the reading test.
• When I was little, I found where my parents kept
  the Christmas gifts.
• I wonder when my students will begin studying for
  the semester exam.
• However much they study in advance will save them
  that much time during finals week.
• Why they procrastinate is a mystery to me.
• What they need is a good dose of motivation.
• That the old grammar book had errors was
  obviously not caught by the books editors.
• How to recognize elliptical adverb clauses was
  the topic of discussion.
• You may choose whichever seat you find most
  comfortable.

14
HW on Noun Clauses

• WB pp. 115-116, Ex. 1-2
• WB pp. 117-118, Ex. 4

15
The Adverb Clause

• a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an
  adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, where,
  how, why, to what extent, or under what
  conditions.
• An adverb clause is usually introduced by a
  subordinating conjunction. They can come either
  before or after the main clause. When an adverb
  clause comes before the independent clause,
  separate it with a comma.
• Before I took the test, I studied for hours.
• I studied longer than I had ever studied before.
• I was happy because I passed the test.

16
The Adverb Clause

• NB Elliptical adverb clauses have words left
  out of them. However, you can easily supply the
  omitted words because they are understood or
  implied.
• She can swim faster than I.
• Can swim has been omitted.
• While walking, she listens to the radio.
• She is has been omitted.

17
Practice

• 1. You will certainly fail the reading test
  unless you read the book.
• 2. While decorating for Christmas, our family
  listens to an old tape of Perry Como Christmas
  music.
• 3. It looks as though it might be warm all week.
• 4. Since we were in high school, my friends and I
  have gotten together on New Years Eve to
  celebrate one friends birthday.
• 5. Whenever we can, we also go on an annual
  summer day trip to the beach.
• 6. Although we are scattered across the country
  now, we still all come home for the holidays to
  see family and friends.
• 7. Because we are such good friends, the distance
  means nothing, especially since the invention of
  cell phones and email.
• 8. When something important happens, we drop
  everything to be there for the other person.
• 9. When we meet over the holidays, it is often as
  if no time has passed.

18
HW on Adverb Clauses

• WB pp. 111-114, Ex. 1-3

19
More Fun with Clauses The 4 Sentence Types

• Simple Sentence A sentence with one independent
  clause and no subordinate clauses.
• A simple sentence may contain a compound subject
  and/or a compound predicate. The subject and the
  predicate may also be expanded with adjectives,
  adverbs, prepositional phrases, appositives, and
  verbal phrases. As long as the sentence has only
  one main clause, it remains a simple sentence
• Stories entertain.
• Stories and riddles entertain.
• Stories entertain and amuse.
• Stories and riddles entertain and amuse.
• Stories about the Old West entertain adults and
  amuse children.

20
More Fun with Clauses The 4 Sentence Types

• Compound Sentence a sentence composed of two or
  more independent clauses but no subordinate
  clauses.
• Each main clause has its own subject and
  predicate and main clauses are usually joined by
  a comma and coordinating conjunction or by a
  semicolon.
• Stories entertain, and riddles amuse.
• Stories entertain, and riddles amuse, but poems
  delight.

21
More Fun with Clauses The 4 Sentence Types

• Complex Sentence a sentence that contains one
  independent clause and at least one subordinate
  clause.
• Because I could not stop for Death, he kindly
  stopped for me. Emily Dickinson
• Chicago is where the White Sox and Cubs play.

22
More Fun with Clauses The 4 Sentence Types

• Compound-Complex Sentence a sentence that
  contains two or more independent clauses and at
  least one subordinate clause.
• The French word for house is maison, but the
  Spanish word for house is casa, which is derived
  from the Latin for cottage.

23
HW on Sentence Types

• WB pp. 103-104, Ex. 1
• WB pp. 105-106, Ex. 1

24
FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS

• Fragment an error that occurs when an incomplete
  sentence is punctuated as though it were
  complete.
• A group of words is a complete sentence when it
  has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete
  thought.
• 3 things to look for when looking for sentence
  fragments
• 1) a group of words without a subject
• 2) a group of words without a predicate
• 3) a subordinate clause punctuated as if it were
  a sentence.

25
FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS

• 2 types
• The Phrase Fragment a group of words acting as
  a single part of speech and not containing a verb
  and its subject
• Last week, I saw Gloria. Riding her new ten-speed
  bicycle.
• The two weary hikers walking for hours.
• The Subordinate Clause Fragment usually occurs
  before or after a complete sentence to which the
  subordinate clause should belong.
• The orchestra played A Night in the Tropics.
  Which Louis Gottschalk wrote in 1859.
• When they stopped to rest. They checked their
  compass and trail guide.

26
FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS

• Run-on two or more complete sentences written as
  though they were one sentence.
• 2 types
• Comma splice two main clauses joined by only a
  comma
• It rained the entire time we were in Geneva, we
  still enjoyed the trip.
• Run-ons with no punctuation
• It rained the entire time we were in Geneva we
  still enjoyed the trip.
• It rained the entire time we were in Geneva but
  we still enjoyed the trip.

27
How to Correct a Run-on

• 1) Add end punctuation and make two sentences
• It rained the entire time we were in Geneva. We
  still enjoyed the trip.
• 2) Separate the clauses with a comma and
  coordinating conjunction
• It rained the entire time we were in Geneva, but
  we still enjoyed the trip.
• 3) Separate the clauses with a semicolon
• It rained the entire time we were in Geneva we
  still enjoyed the trip.
• 4) Add a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb
  between the clauses
• It rained the entire time we were in Geneva
  however, we still enjoyed the trip.
• 5) Change one of the main clauses to a
  subordinate clause. Add a comma if the
  subordinate clause comes first
• Even though it rained the entire time we were in
  Geneva, we still enjoyed the trip.

28
Review for Fragments and Run-ons

• WB pp. 121-124

29
HW on Identifying Types of Subordinate Clauses

• P. 164-5 Degen Book (WS)
• Noun Subordinate Clauses and Adjective
  Subordinate Clauses
• Three Types of Subordinate Clauses adverb,
  adjective, and noun

30
Test Format

• I. Definitions Know the definitions of the
  following clause, independent clause,
  subordinate clause, adjective clause, adverb
  clause, noun clause, simple sentence, compound
  sentence, complex sentence, compound-complex
  sentence, fragment, run-on.
• II. Identify clauses as independent, subordinate,
  or not a clause (hint phrase).
• III. Identify subordinate clauses as N, Adj, or
  Adv.
• IV. Identify function of N clauses S, DO, IO,
  OP, PN
• V. Identify Sentence Types
• VI Identify Fragments and Run-ons