Modeling of the

1
CS 785, Fall 2001
Modeling of the Problem Solving Process
(Part 1 of 2)
Gheorghe Tecuci tecuci_at_gmu.eduhttp//lalab.gmu.e
du/
Learning Agents LaboratoryDepartment of
Computer Science George Mason University
2
Overview
Modeling based on the task reduction paradigm
Planning through task reduction The workaround
planning agent
Critiquing through task reductionThe course of
action critiquing agent
Identification through task reductionThe center
of gravity identification agent
Guidelines for the modeling process
3
Modeling based on the task reduction paradigm
Definition of modeling
The general task reduction paradigm
Question-answering based task reduction
Expertise tasks and task reduction
4
Definition of modeling
Modeling the problem solving process of a subject
matter expert means making explicit the way the
expert solves problems. It consists of expressing
informally, in English, a problem to be solved,
all the intermediary reasoning steps, and the
final solution.
Modeling is generally the most difficult part of
knowledge base and agent development.
The modeling is performed by the Knowledge
Engineer and the Subject Matter Expert, and is
based on some general problem solving paradigm,
such as task reduction, state space search, or
generate and test.
5
The general task reduction paradigm

• A complex problem solving task is performed by
• successively reducing it to simpler tasks
• finding the solutionsof the simplest tasks
• successively composing these solutions until the
  solution to the initial task is obtained.

S1
T1

S11
S1n
T1n
T11

S111
T111
S11m
T11m
6
Question-answering based task reduction
Let T1 be the problem solving task to be
performed. Finding a solution is an iterative
process where, at each step, we consider some
relevant information that leads us to reduce the
current task to a simpler task or to several
simpler tasks. The question Q associated with
the current task identifies the type of
information to be considered. The answer A
identifies that piece of information and leads us
to the reduction of the current task.

T1
S1
Q1

S11
A1n
A11
S1n
T1n
S11a
T11a
S11b
T11b

S11b
Q11b

S11bm
S11b1
A11bm
A11b1

T11bm
T11b1
7
Expertise tasks and task reduction
These are some of the classes of problem solving
tasks that have been defined before
Planning
Monitoring
Prediction
Control
Critiquing
Diagnosis
Debugging
Repair
Interpretation
Identification
Design
Instruction
An important characteristic of each task class is
that its problem solving tasks can be modeled in
a similar way. For example, if we know how to
model a specific critiquing task using the task
reduction paradigm, than another critiquing task
could, in principle, be modeled in a similar
way. We will study in more detail the modeling
of the following types of tasks planning,
critiquing and identification.
8
Planning through task reduction
Planning as an expertise task
The workaround challenge problem
The workaround planning agent
Modeling the planning process
Demonstration of the Disciple-Workaround agent
9
Planning as an expertise task
Planning means developing a sequence of
actions that achieve a desired goal.
Examples Develop a plan for a military unit to
reconstitute or bypass damage to an
infrastructure, such as a damaged bridge, tunnel
or road. Develop a plan of how to manufacture a
loudspeaker. Develop a plan of how to travel from
one location to another.
10
Workaround generation HPKB challenge problem
Estimates enemys best way of working around a
damage to an infrastructure, such as a damaged
bridge or a cratered road. Supports air campaign
planning by JFACC and staff - facilitates
evaluation of targeting strategies aimed at
disabling enemy infrastructure systems -
provides information about enemy assets that
should be preemptively targeted to impede
its efforts to work around battle damage.
11
The workaround planning agent input
The input to the agent includes - a
description of the damage (e.g. a span of the
bridge is dropped and the area is mined), and of
the terrain (e.g. the soil type, the slopes of
the river's banks, the river's speed, depth and
width), - a detailed description of the
resources in the area that could be used to
repair the damage. This includes a description of
the engineering assets of the military unit that
has to workaround the damage, as well as the
descriptions of other military units in the area
that could provide additional resources.
12
The workaround planning agent output

• The output of the agent consists of the most
  likely repair strategies, each described in terms
  of three elements
• - a reconstitution schedule, giving the
  transportation capacity of the damaged link
  (bridge, road or tunnel), as a function of time,
  including both a minimum time and an expected
  time
• a partially ordered plan of engineering actions
  to perform the repair, and the minimum as well as
  the expected time that each of these actions
  require and
• a set of required resources for the entire plan
  and for each action.

13
Modeling the planning process
Sample workaround problem mined bridge
Modeling the process of working around the mined
bridge
Another workaround problem gap in bridge
Modeling the process of working around the
destroyed bridge
A more complex workaround problem
14
Sample Workaround ProblemMined Bridge
15
General statement of the input problem
Training problem 1 is a 30m bridge (site100).
The bridge is mined (damage200) with surface
scatterable mines, as is the near approach
(site108, damage205), near bank (site107,
damage204), riverbed (site106, damage203), far
bank (site105, damage202), and far approach
(site104, damage201). The river bed is only 14
meters wide but both the near bank and far bank
are too steep (max-slope 100) to be trafficable.
Both banks are 9 m high. The interdicted
unit is the Red 101st Armor Battalion (Unit10)
which is located on the near approach (site108)
to the bridge. Red 101st Armor Battalion has
blade equipped tanks (M60A1-TankBlade), and
mine-plow equipped tanks (M60A1-MinePlow).
The interdicted unit has operational control of a
Combat Engineer Company (unit202) which is also
located on the near approach. The equipment of
the Engineer Company includes an AVLB, small
boats (three-person-boat, eight-person-boat),
explosives (bangalore, MICLIC), and rubble
clearing equipment (CEV). The nearest earth
moving equipment (bulldozer) is assigned to the
Headquarters Company (Unit201) of the Division
(Unit 910) Engineer Battalion (Unit20). The
Division, Division Engineer Battalion and the
Engineer Battalion Headquarters Company are all
located at Town1 (site0) which is 70 km away from
the damaged bridge. Corps Headquarters
(Unit 91) is located at Town1. The Corps has
three assigned bridge companies a MGB Company
(Unit910201), a M4T6 Bridge Company (Unit910202)
and a Ribbon Bridge Company (Unit910203), which
are all located at Town1. The MGB Company is
equipped with MGB sets and a bulldozer. The M4T6
Company is equipped with M4T6 sets and a
bulldozer. The Ribbon Company is equipped with
ribbon bridge elements (RBBay,BEB,RBRamp) and a
bulldozer.
16
General sketch
Site 0 Town1 LAT 27.18 LONG 56.25
Unit 91 Site 0 Red Corps
Unit 910 Site 0 Red Division
Unit 910202 Site 0
Unit 910203 Site 0
Unit 910201 Site 0
Unit 0 Site 0 Red Eng Bn
Unit 9100 Site 0 Red Brigade
Unit 204 Site 0
Unit 203 Site 0
Unit 200 Site 0
Unit 201 Site 0
Distance Site0 to Site100 70 km
Site 100 Bridge area Damage 200 damaged bridge
LAT 27.18 LONG 55.6
Unit 10 Site 108 Red Armor Bn
Site 104 Far approach
Site 108 Near approach
Unit 202 Site 108 Red Eng Co
Unit 100,101,102,103 Site 108 Red
Armor Co
17
Detailed sketchDamage Bridge at Site 100
Site 103Cross-Section Damage 200 Mined Bridge
Type Scatterable Length 30 m Density
0.006 mines/m3
Site 104 Far Approach (Right
Approach) Damage 201 Mined Type Scatterable
Length 200 m Density 0.006 mines/m3
Site 108 Near Approach (Left
Approach) Damage 205 Mined Type Scatterable
Length 400 m Density 0.006 mines/m3
Bridge/River Width 30 m
Site 107 Left Bank Height 9 m Max Slope 100
Soil Type Rock Vegetation Desert
Scrub Water Depth 1.0 m Damage 204 Mined
Type Scatterable Length 9 m Density
0.006 mines/m3
Site 105 Right Bank Height 9 m Max Slope 100
Soil Type Rock Vegetation Desert
Scrub Water Depth 1.0 m Damage 202 Mined
Type Scatterable Length 9 m Density
0.006 mines/m3
Site 106 River Bed Soil Type Sand Wetness
Wet Min Water Depth 1.0 m Max Water Depth 2.0
m Water Width 14 m Max Current 1.5 m/s Damage
203 Mined Type Scatterable Length 12 m
Density 0.006 mines/m3
18
Engineer and Related Order of Battle
xxx
Unit 91 Red Corps
Unit 910201 Red MGB Bridge Co OPCOM to Unit
91 LightWheeled-veh 6 HeavyWheeled-veh36
bulldozer1 loader1 crane1 MGB-sets4
Unit 910203 Red Ribbon Bridge Co OPCOM to Unit
91 LightWheeled-veh 9 HeavyWheeled-veh70
bulldozer1 crane1 RBBay30 BEB14 RBRamp12
Unit 910202 Red M4T6 Bridge Co Red M4T6
Bridge Co OPCOM to Unit 91 LightWheeled-veh
10 HeavyWheeled-veh68 bulldozer1 crane1 M4T6se
ts6
xx
Unit 910 Red Division
OPCOM to Unit 91
II
Unit 20 Red Engineer Bn
OPCOM to Unit 910
I
I
I
Unit 201 Red Eng Co HQ Support OPCOM to Unit
20 M1135 M882 LightWheeled-veh
7 HeavyWheeled-veh18 bulldozer6
Unit 203 Red Eng Co B OPCOM to Unit
20 M11314 LightWheeled-veh6 HeavyWheeled-veh8 t
hree-person-boat3 eight-person-boat6 bangalore4
MICLIC4 CEV2 AVLB4
Unit 204 Red Eng Co C OPCOM to Unit
20 M11314 LightWheeled-veh6 HeavyWheeled-veh8 t
hree-person-boat3 eight-person-boat6 bangalore4
MICLIC4 CEV2 AVLB4
Unit 9100 Red Brigade
OPCOM to Unit 910
x
I
Unit 200 Red Eng Bn HQ Organic to Unit
201 M1135 LightWheeled-veh 11 HeavyWheeled-veh
1 bulldozer6
Unit 10 Red Armor Bn
OPCOM to Unit 9100
II
I
I
I
I
Unit 202 Red Eng Co A OPCOM to Unit
20 Attached to Unit 10 M11314 LightWheeled-veh6
HeavyWheeled-veh8 three-person-boat3 eight-perso
n-boat6 bangalore4 MICLIC4 CEV2 AVLB4
Unit 102 Red Armor Co B OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A113 M1132 M881 LightWheeled-veh1 HeavyW
heeled-veh2 M60A1-MinePlow3 M60A1-TankBlade1
Unit 101 Red Armor Co A OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A113 M1132 M881 LightWheeled-veh1 HeavyW
heeled-veh2 M60A1-MinePlow3 M60A1-TankBlade1
Unit 103 Red Armor Co C OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A113 M1132 M881 LightWheeled-veh1 HeavyW
heeled-veh2 M60A1-MinePlow3 M60A1-TankBlade1
Unit 100 Red Armor Bn HQ OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A11 M1132 LightWheeled-veh6
I
I
I
I
Unit 1000 Support Platoon OPCOM to Unit
100 M1132 M881 LightWheeled-veh2 HeavyWheeled-v
eh18
Unit 1001 Recon Platoon OPCOM to Unit
100 LightWheeled-veh6 Bangalore8 Explosives8
Unit 1003 Medical Section OPCOM to Unit
100 LightWheeled5
Unit 1002 HeavyMortar Platoon OPCOM to Unit
100 M1136
19
Sample workaround solution (plan)
Report-bridge-cleared-of-mines for-bridge
site100 min-duration 0 min
expected-duration 0 min
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-near-appr
oach-and-bank for-approach site108
for-bank site107 min-duration 1 hour 20 min
expected-duration same as minimum
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-far-appro
ach-and-bank for-approach site104
for-bank site105 min-duration 40 min
expected-duration same as minimum
Remove-mines-on-near-approach-and-bank-using-mine-
plow for-approach site108 for-bank
site107 min-duration 25 min
expected-duration 50 min resources
Tank-with-plow-Unit101
Remove-mines-on-far-approach-and-bank-using-mine-p
low for-approach site104 for-bank
site105 min-duration 15 min
expected-duration 30 min resources
Tank-with-plow-Unit101
Report-near-approach-and-bank-cleared-of-mines
for-approach site108 for-bank site107
min-duration 0 min expected-duration 0 min
Report-far-approach-and-bank-cleared-of-mines
for-approach site104 for-bank site105
min-duration 0 min expected-duration 0 min
Remove-mines-on-bridge-using-mine-plow
for-bridge site100 min-duration 10 min
expected-duration 20 min resources
Tank-with-plow-Unit101
Restore-traffic-link-to-original-capacity
for-unit unit10 for-link site100
min-duration 0 min expected-duration 0 min
20
Modeling the process of working around the mined
bridge
21
1
Formulate a general actionthat accomplishes the
goal.
Workaround-obstacle by-unit unit10
tunnel
1
crater
What is the type of obstacle?
Reduce a task to a simpler task
Bridge because unit10, the interdicted unit, is
located at the approach of site100 which is a
bridge.
Assumption The interdicted unit is located at a
site which is the approach of the obstacle which,
in this case, is a bridge.
Workaround-bridge-obstacle at-location
site100 by-unit unit10
1
What type of workaround strategy to adopt?
Assumption if a bridge is mined than the bed of
the corresponding cross-section is mined.
repair
ford
Workaround-bridge-obstacle-by-repair
at-location site100 by-unit unit10
22
2
Non-elementary task
Workaround-bridge-obstacle-by-repair
at-location site100 by-unit unit10
Reduce a task to two simpler sub-tasks
1
How to workaround the bridge by repair?
Elementary task
Repair the bridge and restore the traffic link.
Restore-traffic-link-to-original-capacity
for-unit unit10 for-link site100
min-duration 0 min expected-duration 0 min
Repair-bridge at-location site100 by-unit
unit10
1
What is the type of damage to the bridge?
Mined and damaged bridge
Only mines
Damaged bridge but no mines
Workaround-bridge-with-mines at-location
site100 for-damage-to-bridge damage200
by-unit unit10
3
23
Workaround-bridge-with-mines at-location
site100 for-damage-to-bridge damage200
by-unit unit10
3
1
Are both sides of the bridge mined?
Yes, both sides are mined.
No, only near side
No, only far side
Breach-minefields-on-both-sides-of-the-mined-bridg
e at-location site100 for-right-approach
site104 for-left-approach site108 by-unit
unit10
1
What de-mining techniques will be used?
explosives
Vehicle mounted equipment.
Breach-minefields-on-both-sides-of-the-mined-bridg
e-with-vehicle-mounted-eq at-location
site100 for-right-approach site104
for-left-approach site108 by-unit unit10
4
24
4
Breach-minefields-on-both-sides-of-the-mined-bridg
e-with-vehicle-mounted-eq at-location
site100 for-right-approach site104
for-left-approach site108 by-unit unit10
1
Is vehicle mounted equipment available in the
unit?
Yes, Tank-with-plow-Unit101
Breach-minefields-on-both sides-of-the-mined-bridg
e-with-own-vehicle-mounted-eq at-location
site100 for-right-approach site104
for-left-approach site108 with-mounted-vehicle
-lane-clearing-eq-set Tank-with-plow-Unit101
by-unit unit10
5
25
Breach-minefields-on-both sides-of-the-mined-bridg
e-with-own-vehicle-mounted-eq at-location
site100 for-right-approach site104
for-left-approach site108 with-mounted-vehicle
-lane-clearing-eq-set Tank-with-plow-Unit101
by-unit unit10
5
How to perform this breaching?
1
By breaching the near approach, then the bridge
and then the far approach.
Breach-minefields-on-near approach and
bank-with-vehicle-mounted-eq for-approach
site108 for-bank site107
with-mounted-vehicle-lane-clearing-eq-set
Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit unit10
6
Report-near approach and bank cleared of mines
for-approach site108 for-bank site107
Remove-mines-on-bridge-using-mine-plow-p
at-location site100 with-mounted-vehicle-lane-
clearing-eq-set Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit
unit10
9
Report-bridge-cleared-of-mines for-bridge
site100
Breach-minefields-on-far-approach-and-bank
vehicle-mounted-eq for-approach site104
for-bank site105 with-mounted-vehicle-lane-cle
aring-eq-set Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit
unit10
10
Report-far approach and bank cleared of mines
for-approach site104 for-bank site105
26
6
Breach-minefields-on-near approach and
bank-with-vehicle-mounted-eq for-approach
site108 for-bank site107
with-mounted-vehicle-lane-clearing-eq-set
Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit unit10
Is mine clearing equipment mounted and ready for
use?
1
No, mine clearing equipment must be mounted.
Yes, Tank-with-plow-Unit 101 is ready.
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-near-appr
oach and bank-p for-approach site108
for-bank site107
7
Remove-mines-on-near-approach and bank using mine
plow-p for-approach site108 for-bank
site107 with-mounted-vehicle-lane-clearing-eq-s
et Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit unit10
8
27
7
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-near-appr
oach and bank-p for-approach site108
for-bank site107
What is the width of the minefield and what is
the hasty mine recon and marking rate?
1
The width of the minefield is 400m and the rate
of clearing with 2 teams working is
(400m/2)/2.5m/min
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-near-appr
oach and bank for-approach site108
for-bank site107 min-duration 1 hour 20 min
(400m/2 / 2.5m/min) expected-duration same
as minimum
28
8
Remove-mines-on-near-approach and bank using mine
plow-p for-approach site108 for-bank
site107 with-mounted-vehicle-lane-clearing-eq-s
et Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit unit10
1
What is the depth of the minefield and what is
the mineplow clearing rate?
The length of the minefield is 400m, the minimum
rate of mineplow clearing is 0.05min/m and the
expected rate is 0.1min/m
Remove-mines-on-near-approach and bank using mine
plow for-approach site108 for-bank
site107 min-duration (400 m 0.05min/m 5
min) 25 min expected-duration (400 m
0.1min/m 10 min) 50 min resources
Tank-with-plow-Unit101
29
9
Remove-mines-on-bridge-using-mine-plow-p
at-location site100 with-mounted-vehicle-lane-
clearing-eq-set Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit
unit10
1
What is the depth of the minefield and what is
the mineplow clearing rate?
The min bridge minefield width is 100m, the
minimum rate of mine plow clearing is 0.05min/m
and the expected rate is 0.1min/m add 5 min min
prep time and 10 min expected prep time
Remove-mines-on-bridge- using mine plow
for-bridge site100 min-duration (100 m
0.05min/m) 5 min prep 10 min
expected-duration (100 m 0.1min/m) 10 exp
prep 20 min resources Tank-with-plow-Unit101
30
10
Breach-minefields-on-far approach and
bank-with-vehicle-mounted-eq for-approach
site104 for-bank site105
with-mounted-vehicle-lane-clearing-eq-set
Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit unit10
7
How to breach the minefield on the far approach?
By first identifying and marking the mines and
then removing them.
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-far-appro
ach and bank-p for-approach site104
for-bank site105
11
Remove-mines-on-far-approach and bank using mine
plow-p for-approach site104 for-bank
site105 with-mounted-vehicle-lane-clearing-eq-s
et Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit unit10
12
31
11
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-far-appro
ach and bank-p for-approach site104
for-bank site105
1
What is the width of the minefield and what is
the hasty mine recon and marking rate?
The width of the minefield is 200m and the rate
of clearing with 2 teams working is (200
m/2)/2.5m/min
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-far-appro
ach and bank for-approach site104
for-bank site105 min-duration 40 min
((200 m/2)/2.5m/min) expected-duration same
as minimum
32
12
Remove-mines-on-far-approach and bank using mine
plow-p for-approach site108 for-bank
site107 with-mounted-vehicle-lane-clearing-eq-s
et Tank-with-plow-Unit101 by-unit unit10
1
What is the depth of the minefield and what is
the mineplow clearing rate?
The depth of the minefield is 250m, the minimum
rate of mineplow clearing is 0.05min/m and the
expected rate is 0.1min/m
Remove-mines-on-far-approach and bank using mine
plow for-approach site104 for-bank
site105 min-duration (200 m 0.05min/m)
5min 15 min expected-duration (200 m
0.1min/m) 10min 30 min resources
Tank-with-plow-Unit101
33
The developed plan
Report-bridge-cleared-of-mines for-bridge
site100 min-duration 0 min
expected-duration 0 min
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-near-appr
oach and bank for-approach site108
for-bank site107 min-duration 1 hour 20 min
(400m/2 / 2.5m/min) expected-duration same
as minimum
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-far-appro
ach and bank for-approach site104
for-bank site105 min-duration 40 min
((200 m/2)/2.5m/min) expected-duration same
as minimum
Remove-mines-on-near-approach and bank using mine
plow for-approach site108 for-bank
site107 min-duration (400 m 0.05min/m 5
min) 25 min expected-duration (400 m
0.1min/m 10 min) 50 min resources
Tank-with-plow-Unit101
Identify-and-mark-extent-of-minefield-on-far-appro
ach and bank for-approach site104
for-bank site105 min-duration 40 min
((200 m/2)/2.5m/min) expected-duration same
as minimum
Report-near approach and bank cleared of mines
for-approach site108 for-bank site107
min-duration 0 min expected-duration 0 min
Report-far approach and bank cleared of mines
for-approach site104 for-bank site105
min-duration 0 min expected-duration 0 min
Remove-mines-on-bridge- using mine plow
for-bridge site100 min-duration (100 m
0.05min/m) 5 min prep 10 min
expected-duration (100 m 0.1min/m) 10 exp
prep 20 min resources Tank-with-plow-Unit101
Restore-traffic-link-to-original-capacity
for-unit unit10 for-link site100
min-duration 0 min expected-duration 0 min
34
Another Workaround ProblemGap in Bridge
35
General statement of the input problem
Training problem 2 is a 60m bridge (site100)
with a 10m span destroyed (damage-200) and no
mines. The river bed (site106) is 50 meters wide
and both the near bank (site107) and far bank
(site105) are too steep (max-slope 200) to be
trafficable. The near approach (site108), near
bank, riverbed, far bank, and far approach
(site104), are all undamaged. Both banks are 5 m
high. The interdicted unit is the Red 101st
Armor Battalion (Unit10) which is located on the
near approach (site108) to the bridge. Red 101st
Armor Battalion has blade equipped tanks
(M60A1-TankBlade), and mine-plow equipped tanks
(M60A1-MinePlow). The interdicted unit has
operational control of a Combat Engineer Company
(unit202) which is also located on the near
approach. The equipment of the Engineer Company
includes an AVLB, small boats (three-person-boat,
eight-person-boat), explosives (bangalore,
MICLIC), and rubble clearing equipment (CEV).
The nearest earth moving equipment (bulldozer)
is assigned to the Headquarters Company (Unit201)
of the Division (Unit 910) Engineer Battalion
(Unit20). The Division, Division Engineer
Battalion and the Engineer Battalion Headquarters
Company are all located at Town1 (site0) which is
70 km away from the damaged bridge. Corps
Headquarters (Unit 91) is located at Town1. The
Corps has three assigned bridge companies a MGB
Company (Unit910201), a M4T6 Bridge Company
(Unit910202) and a Ribbon Bridge Company
(Unit910203), which are all located at Town1. The
MGB Company is equipped with MGB sets and a
bulldozer. The M4T6 Company is equipped with M4T6
sets and a bulldozer. The Ribbon Company is
equipped with ribbon bridge elements
(RBBay,BEB,RBRamp) and a bulldozer.
36
Site 0 Town 1 LAT 27.18 LONG 56.25
General sketch
Unit 91 Site 0 Red Corps
Unit 910 Site 0 Red Division
Unit 910202 Site 0
Unit 910203 Site 0
Unit 910201 Site 0
Unit 0 Site 0 Red Eng Bn
Unit 9100 Site 0 Red Brigade
Unit 204 Site 0
Unit 203 Site 0
Unit 200 Site 0
Unit 201 Site 0
Distance Site0 to Site100 70 km
Site 100 Bridge area Damage 200 damaged bridge
LAT 27.18 LONG 55.6
Unit 10 Site 108 Red Armor Bn
Site 104 Far approach
Site 108 Near approach
Unit 202 Site 108 Red Eng Co
Unit 100,101,102,103 Site 108 Red
Armor Co
37
Detailed sketchDamage Bridge at Site 100
Site 103Cross-Section Damage 200 Damaged Bridge
Gap Length 10 m
Bridge/River Width 60 m
Site 108 Near Approach (Left
Approach)
Site 104 Far Approach (Right
Approach)
Site 107 Left Bank Height 5 m Max Slope 200
Soil Type Rock Vegetation Desert
Scrub Water Depth 0.0 m
Site 105 Right Bank Height 5 m Max Slope 200
Soil Type Rock Vegetation Desert
Scrub Water Depth 0.0 m
Site 106 River Bed Soil Type Gravel Wetness
Wet Min Water Depth 0.5 m Max Water Depth 2.0
m Water Width 50 m Max Current 0.6 m/s
38
Engineer and Related Order of Battle
xxx
Unit 91 Red Corps
Unit 910201 Red MGB Bridge Co OPCOM to Unit
91 LightWheeled-veh 6 HeavyWheeled-veh36
bulldozer1 loader1 crane1 MGB-sets4
Unit 910203 Red Ribbon Bridge Co OPCOM to Unit
91 LightWheeled-veh 9 HeavyWheeled-veh70
bulldozer1 crane1 RBBay30 BEB14 RBRamp12
Unit 910202 Red M4T6 Bridge Co Red M4T6
Bridge Co OPCOM to Unit 91 LightWheeled-veh
10 HeavyWheeled-veh68 bulldozer1 crane1 M4T6se
ts6
xx
Unit 910 Red Division
OPCOM to Unit 91
II
Unit 20 Red Engineer Bn
OPCOM to Unit 910
I
I
I
Unit 201 Red Eng Co HQ Support OPCOM to Unit
20 M1135 M882 LightWheeled-veh
7 HeavyWheeled-veh18 bulldozer6
Unit 203 Red Eng Co B OPCOM to Unit
20 M11314 LightWheeled-veh6 HeavyWheeled-veh8 t
hree-person-boat3 eight-person-boat6 bangalore4
MICLIC4 CEV2 AVLB4
Unit 204 Red Eng Co C OPCOM to Unit
20 M11314 LightWheeled-veh6 HeavyWheeled-veh8 t
hree-person-boat3 eight-person-boat6 bangalore4
MICLIC4 CEV2 AVLB4
Unit 9100 Red Brigade
OPCOM to Unit 910
x
I
Unit 200 Red Eng Bn HQ Organic to Unit
201 M1135 LightWheeled-veh 11 HeavyWheeled-veh
1 bulldozer6
Unit 10 Red Armor Bn
OPCOM to Unit 9100
II
I
I
I
I
Unit 202 Red Eng Co A OPCOM to Unit
20 Attached to Unit 10 M11314 LightWheeled-veh6
HeavyWheeled-veh8 three-person-boat3 eight-perso
n-boat6 bangalore4 MICLIC4 CEV2 AVLB4
Unit 102 Red Armor Co B OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A113 M1132 M881 LightWheeled-veh1 HeavyW
heeled-veh2 MinePlow3 TankBlade1
Unit 101 Red Armor Co A OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A113 M1132 M881 LightWheeled-veh1 HeavyW
heeled-veh2 MinePlow3 TankBlade1
Unit 103 Red Armor Co C OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A113 M1132 M881 LightWheeled-veh1 HeavyW
heeled-veh2 MinePlow3 TankBlade1
Unit 100 Red Armor Bn HQ OPCOM to Unit
10 M60A11 M1132 LightWheeled-veh6
I
I
I
I
I
Unit 1001 Recon Platoon OPCOM to Unit
100 LightWheeled-veh6 Bangalore8 Explosives8
Unit 1003 Medical Section OPCOM to Unit
100 LightWheeled5
Unit 1002 HeavyMortar Platoon OPCOM to Unit
100 M1136
39
Modeling the process of working around the
destroyed bridge
40
Formulate a general action that accomplishes
the goal
1
Workaround-obstacle by-unit unit10
What is the type of obstacle?
crater
2
tunnel
Bridge because unit10, the interdicted unit, is
located at the approach of site100 which is a
bridge.
Workaround-bridge-obstacle at-location
site100 by-unit unit10
Ask questions about the current situation to
determine alternative ways of performing this
action
What type of workaround strategy to adopt?
2
repair
ford
Workaround-bridge-obstacle-by-repair
at-location site100 by-unit unit10
Ford-near-damaged-bridge at-location
site100 by-unit unit10
What is the type of damage to the bridge?
2
Mined and damaged bridge
Only mines
Damaged bridge but no mines
Workaround-damaged-bridge-by-repair
at-location site100 for-damage-to-bridge
damage200 by-unit unit10
2
41
2
Workaround-damaged-bridge-by-repair
at-location site100 for-damage-to-bridge
damage200 by-unit unit10
2
What is the type of bridge damage?
destroyed
reduced class bridge
gap in bridge because the gap length is 10m which
is less than the length of the bridge which is 60m
Ask questions about the current situation to
determine alternative ways of performing this
action
Workaround-gap-in-bridge-by-repair at-location
site100 for-damage-to-bridge damage200
for-gap-length 10m by-unit unit10
What engineering solution should be attempted?
2
Military bridge over river gap
Military bridge over bridge gap
Workaround-gap-in-bridge-with-military-bridge-over
-bridge-gap at-location site100
for-damage-to-bridge damage200 for-gap-length
10m by-unit unit10
Workaround-gap-in-bridge-with-military-bridge-over
-river-gap damaged-element damage200
by-unit unit10
3
42
3
2
Ask questions about the current situation to
determine alternative ways of performing this
action
Workaround-gap-in-bridge-with-military-bridge-over
-bridge-gap at-location site100
for-damage-to-bridge damage200 for-gap-length
10m by-unit unit10
What type of military bridge could be tried?
2
BAILEY-BRIDGE
AVLB
MGB
Workaround-gap-in-bridge-with-AVLB-over-bridge-gap
at-location site100 for-damage-to-bridge
damage200 for-gap-length 10m by-unit
unit10
4
43
4
When the action to perform is completely
defined, break it down into sub-actions
3
Workaround-gap-in-bridge-with-AVLB-over-bridge-gap
at-location site100 for-damage-to-bridge
damage200 for-gap-length 10m by-unit
unit10
1
How to workaround gap-in-bridge-with-AVLB-over-bri
dge-gap?
By placing an AVLB over the bridge gap and
restoring the traffic link.
Place-AVLB-over-bridge-gap at-location
site100 for-damage-to-bridge damage200
for-gap-length 10m by-unit unit10
Restore-traffic-link-over-bridge-with-AVLB-over-ga
p for-unit unit10 for-link site100
8
5
44
4
Place-AVLB-over-bridge-gap at-location
site100 for-damage-to-bridge damage200
for-gap-length 10m by-unit unit10
5
Does the unit have an appropriate AVLB and rubble
clearing equipment?
Yes, it has the bridge AVLB-unit202 that can span
17mgt10m and the rubble clearing equipment
M88-unit103
It does not have any of them
2
It only has the bridge AVLB
It only has rubble clearing equipment
Ask questions about the current situation to
determine alternative ways of performing this
action
Place-AVLB-over-bridge-gap-using-own-bridge-and-ru
bble-clearing-equipment at-location
site100 for-damage-to-bridge damage200
for-gap-length 10m with-bridge-equipment-set
AVLB-unit202 with-rubble-clear-equipment-set
M88-unit103 by-unit unit10
2
What sides of the river are the bridge and rubble
clearing equipment on?
On the same side because they belong to the
interdicted unit.
Install-AVLB-over-bridge-gap-with-minor-preparatio
ns-and-equipment-on-same-river-side
at-location site100 for-damage-to-bridge
damage200 with-bridge-equipment-set
AVLB-unit202 with-rubble-clear-equipment-set
M88-unit103 by-unit unit10
6
45
Install-AVLB-over-bridge-gap-with-minor-preparatio
ns-and-equipment-on-same-river-side
at-location site100 for-damage-to-bridge
damage200 with-bridge-equipment-set
AVLB-unit202 with-rubble-clear-equipment-set
M88-unit103 by-unit unit10
When the action to perform is completely
defined, break it down into sub-actions
6
2
How to install the AVLB bridge?
Prepare the near bank, emplace AVLB, move
preparation equipment over the bridge and prepare
the far bank. Take also into account that the
place might have been mined and required
de-mining.
Minor-bank-preparation-p of-bank site107
with-rubble-clear-equipment-set M88 unit103
After Report-near-approach-and-bank-cleared-of-min
es for-bank site107
Emplace-AVLB-p with-bridge-equipment-set
AVLB unit202 After First-minor-bank-preparatio
n-p
7
Report-emplaced-fixed-bridge
with-bridge-equipment-set AVLB unit202 After
Emplace-AVLB-p
Move-equipment-over-unstabilized-mil-bridge-p
for-eq-set M88 unit103 for-br-eq-set AVLB
unit202 After Report-emplaced-fixed-bridge
Minor-bank-preparation-p of-bank site105
with-rubble-clear-equipment-set M88 unit103
After Move-equipment-over-unstabilized-mil-bridge-
p
46
8
Continue the reductions until the sub-actions
are elementary actions
2
Restore-traffic-link-over-bridge-with-AVLB-over-ga
p for-unit unit10 for-link site100
What are the characteristics of bridge crossing?
2
Risk crossing speed of 83.33m/min, default
vehicle length of 7m, and space between vehicles
of 30m
Restore-traffic-link for-unit unit10
for-link site100 link-capacity 2.2521622
vehicles/min (/ 83.33 ( 30 7))
min-duration 0 expected-duration 0
47
7
Minor-bank-preparation-p of-bank site107
with-rubble-clear-equipment-set unit103 M88
After Report-approach-cleared-of-mines
for-approach site107
What are the min and expected durations of the
minor bank preparation, and the used resources?
Continue the reductions until the sub-actions
are elementary actions
Min duration is 5 min and expected duration is 10
min. The resource is M88 of unit103.
Minor-bank-preparation of-bank site107
min-duration 30 min expected-duration 50
min resources M88 unit103
Emplace-AVLB-p with-bridge-equipment-set
AVLB unit202 After First-minor-bank-preparatio
n
What are the min and expected durations of the
AVLB emplacement, and the resource required?
Min duration is 5 min and expected duration is 10
min. The resource is AVLB of unit202.
Emplace-AVLB min-duration 5 min
expected-duration 10 min resources AVLB
unit202
48
7
Move-equipment-over-unstabilized-mil-bridge-p
for-eq-set unit103 M88 for-br-eq-set unit202
AVLB After First-minor-bank-preparation
2
What are the min and expected durations of this
operation, and the resources required?
Continue the reductions until the sub-actions
are elementary actions
Min duration is 2 min and expected duration is 10
min. The resource is M88 of unit103
Move-equipment-over-unstabilized-mil-bridge
for-eq-set M88 unit103 for-br-eq-set AVLB
unit202 min-duration 2 min
expected-duration 10 min resources M88 unit103
Minor-bank-preparation-p of-bank site105
with-rubble-clear-equipment-set unit103 M88
After Report-approach-cleared-of-mines
for-approach site104
What are the min and expected durations of the
minor bank preparation, and the used resources?
Min duration is 5 min and expected duration is 10
min. The resource is M88 of unit103.
Minor-bank-preparation of-bank site105
min-duration 30 min expected-duration 50
min resources M88 unit103
49
Minor-bank-preparation of-bank site107
min-duration 30 min expected-duration 50
min resources M88 unit103
The developed plan
Emplace-AVLB min-duration 5 min
expected-duration 10 min resources AVLB
unit202
Report-emplaced-fixed-bridge
with-bridge-equipment-set AVLB unit202 After
Emplace-AVLB-p
Move-equipment-over-unstabilized-mil-bridge
for-eq-set M88 unit103 for-br-eq-set AVLB
unit202 min-duration 2 min
expected-duration 10 min resources M88 unit103
Minor-bank-preparation of-bank site105
min-duration 30 min expected-duration 50
min resources M88 unit103
Restore-traffic-link for-unit unit10
for-link site100 link-capacity 2.2521622
vehicles/min min-duration 0 min
expected-duration 0 min
50
A more complex workaround problem
Workaround solution for a destroyed bridge on
larger river Narrow gap and install AVLB
Workaround summary Initial task Engineering
action INSTALL AVLB WORKAROUND-DAMAGE MIN-DURATIO
N 11H4M58S FOR-DAMAGE DAMAGE200 EXPECTED-DURAT
ION 14H25M56S BY-INTERDICTED-UNIT
UNIT91010 RESOURCES REQUIRED (AVLB-UNIT202
BULLDOZER-UNIT201) LINK CAPACITY AFTER
RECONSTRUCTION 2.2521622 VEHIC/MIN
51
S1 OBTAIN-OPERATIONAL-CONTROL-FROM-CORPS S7
NARROW-GAP-BY-FILLING-WITH-BANK OF-UNIT UNIT202
FOR-GAP SITE103 BY-UNIT UNIT91010 FOR-BR-DESIGN
AVLB70 MIN-DURATION 4H0M0S MIN-DURATION 5H19M
44S EXPECTED-DURATION 6H0M0S EXPECTED-DURATIO
N 6H7M42S TIME-CONSTRAINTS NONE RESOURCES-REQ
UIRED BULLDOZER-UNIT201 TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTE
R S6 S2 MOVE-UNIT FOR-UNIT UNIT202 S8
EMPLACE-AVLB FROM-LOCATION SITE0 FOR-BR-DESIGN A
VLB70 TO-LOCATION SITE100 MIN-DURATION 5M0S MI
N-DURATION 1H8M14S EXPECTED-DURATION 10M0S EX
PECTED-DURATION 1H8M14S RESOURCES-REQUIRED AVLB
-UNIT202 TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER
S1 TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER S3, S7 S3
REPORT-OBTAINED-EQUIPMENT S9 REPORT-EMPLACED-FIXED
-BRIDGE FOR-EQ-SET AVLB-UNIT202 FOR-MIL-BRIDGE
IXED-MILITARY-BRIDGE-EQ MIN-DURATION 0S MIN
-DURATION 0S EXPECTED-DURATION 0S EXPECTED-DURAT
ION 0S TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER
S2 TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER S8 S4
OBTAIN-OPERATIONAL-CONTROL-FROM-CORPS S10
MOVE-EQUIPMENT-OVER-UNSTABILIZED-MIL-BRIDGE OF-UN
IT UNIT201 FOR-EQ-SET BULLDOZER-UNIT201 BY-UNIT
UNIT91010 FOR-BR-DESIGN AVLB70 MIN-DURATION 4H0
M0S MIN-DURATION 2M0S EXPECTED-DURATION 6H0M
0S EXPECTED-DURATION 10M0S TIME-CONSTRAINTS NO
NE RESOURCES-REQUIRED AVLB-UNIT202 TIME-CONST
RAINTS AFTER S9 S5 MOVE-UNIT FOR-UNIT UNIT201
S11 MINOR-BANK-PREPARATION FROM-LOCATION SITE0
OF-BANK SITE105 TO-LOCATION SITE100 MIN-DURATION
30M0S MIN-DURATION 1H8M14S EXPECTED-DURATION
50M0S EXPECTED-DURATION 1H8M14S RESOURCES-RE
QUIRED BULLDOZER-UNIT201 TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER
S4 TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER S10 S6
REPORT-OBTAINED-EQUIPMENT S12 RESTORE-TRAFFIC-LINK
FOR-EQ-SET BULLDOZER-UNIT201 FOR-UNIT UNIT
91010 MIN-DURATION 0S FOR-LINK AVLB70 EXPECTED-
DURATION 0S LINK-CAPACITY 2.2521622 VEHICLES/MIN
TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER S5 MIN-DURATION 0S
EXPECTED-DURATION 0S TIME-CONSTRAINTS AFTER
S11
Detailed plan
52
Demonstration of the Disciple-Workaround agent
DiscipleWorkaroundDemo
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
Modeling the planning process summary

T1 is a general action/taskthat accomplishes the
goal. Ask a question about the current situation
to determine alternative ways of performing this
action. If the answer of Q1 is A11, then to
perform T1 one could perform T11. When the action
to perform (e.g. A11) is completely defined,
break it down into sub-actions (e.g. T11a and
T11b). In this case the question and the answer
summarize the solution, or could simply be
absent. Continue this reduction process until the
you obtain elementary actions.
T1
S1
Q1

A1n
A11
S1n
S11
T1n
T11
Q11a

S11
A11a
S11a
T11a
S11b
T11b
S11b
Q11b

S11bm
S11b1
A11bm
A11b1

T11bm
T11b1
56
Modeling the planning process summary (cont.)

T1
Follow the tree from bottom to top to compose the
elementary actions into plans, as illustrated
bellow S11b is the union of S11b1 S11bm
This leads to alternative plans. S11 is the set
of plans obtained by composing the sub-plans from
S11a and the sub-plans from S11b.
S1
Q1

A1n
A11
S1n
S11
T1n
T11
Q11a

S11
A11a
S11a
T11a
S11b
T11b
S11b
Q11b

S11bm
S11b1
A11bm
A11b1

T11bm
T11b1