Emergency Medical Technician: Basic Refresher Curriculum

1
Emergency Medical TechnicianBasic Refresher
Curriculum

• Module I
• Preparatory

2
Cognitive Objectives

• Provide for safety of self, patient, and fellow
  workers.
• Identify the presence of hazardous materials.
• Participate in the quality improvement process.
• Use physician medical direction for authorization
  to provide care.

3
Cognitive Objectives

• Use body mechanics when lifting and moving a
  patient.
• Use methods to reduce stress in self, a patient,
  bystanders and co-workers.
• Obtain consent for providing care.
• Assess and provide care to patients and families
  involved in suspected abuse or neglect.

4
Affective Objectives

• Assess areas of personal attitude and conduct of
  the EMT-Basic.
• Explain the rationale for serving as an advocate
  for the use of appropriate protection equipment.

5
Affective Objectives

• Explain the role of EMS and the EMT-Basic
  regarding patients with DNR orders.
• Explain the rationale for properly lifting and
  moving patients.

6
Psychomotor Objectives

• Working with a partner, move a simulated patient
  from the ground to a stretcher and properly
  position the patient on the stretcher.
• Working with a partner, demonstrate the technique
  for moving a patient secured to a stretcher to
  the ambulance and loading the patient into the
  ambulance.

7
Scene Safety

• Body substance isolation (BSI) (Bio-Hazard)
• EMT-Basic and patient safety
• Handwashing
• Eye Protection
• Gloves
• Gowns
• Masks
• Requirements and availability of specialty
  training

8
Scene Safety

• Body substance isolation (BSI) (Bio-Hazard)
• OSHA/state regulations reviewing BSI
• Statutes/regulations reviewing notification and
  testing in and exposure incident

9
Personal Protection

• Hazardous Materials
• Identify possible hazards
• Binoculars
• Placards
• Hazardous Materials, The Emergency Response
  Handbook, published by DOT

10
Personal Protection

• Hazardous Materials Hazardous materials scenes
  are controlled by specialized Haz-Mat teams
• EMT-Basics provide emergency care only after the
  scene is safe and patient contamination limited
• Requirements and availability of specialized
  training

11
Personal Protection

• Rescue
• Identify and reduce potential life threats
• Electricity
• Fire
• Explosion
• Hazardous Materials
• Dispatch rescue teams for extensive/heavy rescue

12
Personal Protection

• Violence
• Scene should always be controlled by law
  enforcement before the EMT-Basic provides patient
  care
• Perpetrator of the crime
• Bystanders
• Family members

13
Quality Improvement

• Medical Direction
• Medical laws/regulations vary from state to state
• All states mandate medical direction for EMT-P
• Some states mandate medical direction for EMT-B

14
Quality Improvement

• Goal of EMS Medical Direction
• Quality patient care
• Cornerstone of medical direction
• Safety and well being of EMT
• Proper education, training, and certification of
  EMTs

15
Quality Improvement

• Specific medical direction responsibilities
• Clinical oversight of training, and other
  activities including
• On-line direction
• Off-line direction
• Assist with patient refusal of treatment either
  on-line or off-line
• Quality review

16
Health and Safety

• Lifting techniques
• Safety precautions
• Use legs, not back, to lift
• Keep weight as close to body as possible

17
Health and Safety

• Guidelines for lifting
• Consider weight of patient and need for extra
  help
• Know physical ability and limitations
• Lift without twisting
• Have feet positioned properly

18
Health and Safety

• Lifting techniques
• Communicate clearly and frequently with partner
• Safe lifting of cots and stretchers
• Use power-lift or squat lift position
• Use power-grip
• Lift while keeping back in locked-in positions
• Reverse steps when lowering
• Avoid bending at the waist

19
Health and Safety

• Carrying
• Whenever possible, transport patients on devices
  that can be rolled

20
Health and Safety

• Guidelines for carrying
• Know weight or find out weight to be lifted
• Know limitations
• Work in a coordinated matter and communicate
• Keep the weight as close to the body as possible
• Keep back in locked position
• Flex at the hips, not the waist, bend at the
  knees
• Do not hyperextend the back

21
Health and Safety

• Reaching
• Guidelines for reaching
• Keep back in locked-in position
• When reaching overhead, avoid hyper-extended
  position
• Avoid twisting the back while reaching
• Application of reaching techniques
• Avoid reaching gt15-20 inches in front of the body
• Avoid situations where prolonged (gt1 min.)
  strenuous effort is need in order to avoid injury

22
Health and Safety

• Pushing and pulling guidelines
• Push, rather than pull, whenever possible
• Keep back locked-in
• Keep line of pull thorough center of body by
  bending knees
• Keep weight close to body

23
Health and Safety

• Push from the area between the waist and shoulder
• If weight is below waist level, use kneeling
  position
• Avoid pushing or pulling from an overhead
  position if possible
• Keep elbows bent with arms close to the sides

24
Health and Safety

• Stressful situations
• Examples of situations that may produce a stress
  response
• Mass Casualty Incidents
• Infant/child trauma
• Amputations
• Infant/child/elder/spousal abuse
• Death/injury of co-worker or other public safety
  personnel

25
Health and Safety

• The EMT-Basic will experience personal stress as
  well as encounter patients and bystanders in
  severe stress.

26
Stress Management

• Recognize warning signs
• Irritability to co-workers, family, friends
• Inability to concentrate
• Difficulty sleeping/nightmares
• Anxiety, indecisiveness
• Guilt, loss of appetite
• Loss of interest in sexual activities
• Isolation, loss of interest in work

27
Stress Management

• Life style changes
• Helpful for job burnout
• Change diet (avoid sugar, caffeine, alcohol,
  fats)
• Exercise
• Practice relaxation techniques, mediation, visual
  imagery
• Balance work, recreation, family, health, etc.

28
Stress Management

• EMS personnel and their family and friends
  response
• Lack of understanding
• Fear of separation and being ignored
• On-call situations cause stress
• Cannot plan activities
• Frustration caused by wanting to share

29
Stress Management

• Work environment changes
• Request work shifts allowing for more time to
  relax with family and friends
• Request a rotation of duty assignment to a less
  busy area.
• Seek/refer professional help

30
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)

• A team of peer counselors and mental health
  professionals who help EMTs deal with critical
  incident stress.
• Meeting is held within 24 to 72 hrs of a major
  incident.
• Designed to accelerate the normal recovery
  process
• How to access local system

31
Critical Incident Stress Management

• Pre-incident stress education
• On-scene peer support
• One-on-one support
• Disaster support services
• Diffusing, CISD
• Follow up services, spouse/family support, or
  community outreach programs, others (i.e.
  wellness programs)

32
Medical-Legal Issues

• Expressed Consent
• Patient must be of legal age and able to make
  rational decision
• Patient must be informed of the steps of the
  procedures and all related risks
• Must be obtained from every conscious patient,
  mentally competent adult before rendering
  treatment

33
Medical-Legal Issues

• Implied Consent
• Consent assumed from the unconscious patient
  requiring emergency intervention
• Based on the assumption that the unconscious
  patient would consent to life saving interventions

34
Medical-Legal Issues

• Children and mentally incompetent adults
• Consent for treatment must be obtained from the
  legal parent or legal guardian
• When life threatening situations exist and the
  parent or legal guardian is not available for
  consent, emergency treatment should be rendered
  based on implied consent

35
Medical-Legal Issues

• Confidentiality
• Confidential information
• Patient history obtained through interview
• Assessment findings
• Treatment rendered

36
Medical-Legal Issues

• Releasing confidential information
• Requires a written request form signed by the
  patient.
• Do not release on request, written or verbal,
  unless legal guardianship has been established

37
Medical-Legal Issues

• When is a release not required?
• Other health care providers need to know
  information to continue care
• State law requires reporting incidents such as
  rape, abuse or gunshot wounds
• Third party payment billing forms
• Legal subpoena

38
Medical-Legal Issues

• Refusal of Care
• Patient has right to refuse treatment
• Patient may withdraw from treatment at any time
  (i.e. unconscious to conscious before transport)
• Refusals must be made by mentally competent
  adults following the rules of expressed consent.

39
Medical-Legal Issues

• Refusal of Care
• Patient must be informed of and fully understand
  all the risks and consequences associated with
  refusal of treatment/transport
• Must sign a release from liability form
• When in doubt, err in favor of providing care
• Documentation is a key factor to protect the
  EMT-Basic in refusal

40
Medical-Legal Issues

• What should the EMT do if a patient refuses
  treatment?
• Try again to persuade the patient to go
• Ensure the patient is able is able to make a
  rational decision
• Inform the patient why he should go
• Consult medical control

41
Medical-Legal Issues

• What should the EMT do if a patient refuses
  treatment?
• Consider assistance from law enforcement
• Document any assessment findings and emergency
  care given
• Have the patient sign refusal form
• Never make an independent decision not to
  transport

42
Medical-Legal Issues

• Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders
• Patient has the right to refuse resuscitative
  efforts
• In general, requires written order from the
  physician
• Review state and local legislation/protocols
  relative to DNR orders and advance directives
• When in doubt or when written orders are not
  present, the EMT-Basic should begin resuscitative
  efforts

43
Medical-Legal Issues

• Abuse and neglect (child or elder)
• Definition of abuse - improper or excessive
  action so as to injure or cause harm
• Definition of neglect - giving insufficient
  attention or respect to someone who has a claim
  to that attention
• The EMT-Basic must be aware of condition to be
  able to recognize the problem
• Physical abuse and neglect are the two forms of
  abuse that the EMT-Basic is likely to suspect

44
Medical-Legal Issues

• Signs and symptoms of abuse
• Multiple bruises in various stages of healing
• Injury inconsistent with mechanism described
• Repeated calls to the same address
• Fresh burns
• Parent or guardian seem inappropriately
  unconcerned
• Conflicting stories
• Fear on the part of the patient to discuss how
  the injury occurred

45
Medical-Legal Issues

• Signs and symptoms of neglect
• Lack of adult supervision
• Malnourished appearing child
• Unsafe living environment
• Untreated chronic illness

46
Medical-Legal Issues

• CNS injuries are the most lethal - shaken baby
  syndrome
• Do not accuse in the field
• Accusation and confrontation delays
  transportation
• Bring objective information the receiving
  facility
• Reporting required by state law
• Local regulation
• Objective - what you see and what you hear - NOT
  what you think
• Stick to the facts