Footprints

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Footprints and Echoes Jain writing at it's best
Pravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North
Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle
Raleigh NC 27607-3969 919-859-4994 and
fax E-mail pkshah1_at_attglobal.net Website
www.jainism.org
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Index

• Classification of Jain Literature
• Subject Matters and Languages
• Manuscript Libraries
• Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature
• Definition
• Classification
• Listings of Sutras
• Summary of Agams by Jain sects
• History of Preservation
• Agam substitute Literature of Digambar
• Authors of Agam Literature
• Agam Sutras based on Fourteen Purvas
• Commentary on Jain Agams
• Niryukti
• Bhasya
• Churni
• Tika
• Summary of Jain Literature
• Various Subjects / Languages

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Four Anuyogs

• Jani Religious Literature is Classified in four
  Groups
• Pratham-anayoga
• deals with Stories, Historical traditions, and
  Religious lore
• Charan-anuyoga
• deals with the Rules of conduct of the ascetics
  and the laity, including Ritual and Devotional
  compositions
• Karan-anuvoga
• deals with Metaphysics, Karma, and cosmology
• Dravy-anuyoga
• deals with pure philosophy and mysticism

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Subject Matter of Jain Literature
Jain contributions to Indian literature embrace
various subjects English Name Prakrit
Name Metaphysics Tattvajnan Spiritual/Phil
osophy Adhyatma Meditation Yoga,
Dhyan Karma Logic Darshan,
Naya, Praman Conduct Charan-anuyoga Mor
ality, Ethics Niti, Upadesh Astronomy Lo
k Svarup Story, Biography Puran, Katha,
Rupak, Vyang Ritual and Sutras Stotra,
Mantra, Tantra, Puja Drama and Poetry Lalit
Kavya, Kavya Shastra, Natak Figures of
speech Alankar Dictionary Kosha,
Lokjnan Grammar Vyakaran Mathematics
Ganit Astrology Jyotish Physics Pa
darth Vijnan Politics Rajniti History Geog
raphy Economics Medicinal Science
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Languages of Jain Literature
Contribution to the development of literary
styles and forms of Indian languages Ancient
Mediaeval Modern Spread in different
languages like Prakrits Apabhramsha
Sanskrit Old Maharastri Tamil Kannada Hindi Gujar
ati Bengali Oriya Assamese Punjabi Jain
Literature is also available in German
French English Italy
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Institutions of Manuscript Libraries

• Keen Interest in Preserving Jain Literature
• Establish Many Manuscript Libraries
• Preserved also Buddhist and Vedic Literature
• Jasalmer
• Patana
• Khambhata
• Limbdi
• Jaipur
• Bikaner
• Ahmedabad
• Sravanabelagola
• Moodbidri
• Thousands of Books written on Leafy Papers (Tad
  Patras)
• Thousands of Paintings representing best in Jain
  Art

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Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra,
Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant)

• Definition
• Absolute Point of View (Reader/Listener)
• Enhances Spiritual Life
• Finds Happiness within
• Reduces kashays (greed, anger, lust, ego etc.)
  within
• Empirical Point of View (Author/Speaker)
• Teaching of Jina (Aapt, Tirthankar, Arihant,
  Arhat) who has conquered attachment and aversion
• Preach Universal Truth
• Conduct - Equanimity, Universal affection,
  Friendship
• Thought - Principle of Relativity
• Language
• Ardha-maghadhi 400 to 100 BC.
• Jain Maharachtri 100 to 500 AD.

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Jain Sects
Jain Sects
Digambar Monks - no cloths
Swetambar Monks - white cloths
Murtipujak
Murtipujak
Nonmurtipujak
Nonmurtipujak
Bisa-panthi Bhattarak Tradition Orthodox
murtipujak
Taran-panthi Taran-taran-swami
Murtipujak Orthodox murtipujak
Sthanak-vasi Lokashah (14th Cen)
Terah-panthi Banarasidas (18th Cen) Simple
murtipujak
Tera-panthi Acharya Bhikku (16th Cen)
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Jain Agam Literature
Jain Agam Literature (Jain Scriptures)
Ang-agams 12 Scriptures (all sects) Ganadhars
Angbahya-agams 14/34/21 Scriptures 14/10 Purvi
Acharyas
11 Ang-agams Swetambar - all survived Digambar -
all extinct
12th Ang-agam Drastivad 14 Purvas - all extinct
Digambar 14 scriptures (all sects) All extinct
Swetambar 34/21 Scriptures All survived
Upang 12 Murtipujak 12 Non-murtipujak
Five Parikarmas
Sutra
Chhed-sutra 6 Murtipujak 4 Non-murtipujak
Mool-sutra 4 Murtipujak 3 Non-murtipujak
Pratham-anayoga
Chulikas 2 Murtipujak 2 Non-murtipujak
Fourteen Purva-gatas
Prakirna 10 Murtipujak 0 Non-murtipujak
Five Chulikas
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Ang-pravistha Agam

• Direct Teachings of Lord Mahavir
• Composed by Ganadhars
• 12 Ang-pravishta Agams
• Digambar (all sects)
• All 12 Ang-agams are extinct during 364 BC. to
  157 AD.
• Shwetambar (all sects)
• 11 Ang-agams are survived
• 12th Ang Agam is extinct during 356 BC to 474 AD.

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Ang-pravistha Agams

• Acharang
• Sutra-kratang
• Sthanang
• Samavay-ang
• Vhakhya-prajnapti or Bhagavati
• Jnata-dharma-kathang
• Upasaka-dashang
• Antahkra-dashang
• Anuttaroupa-patika-dashang
• Prashna-vyakran
• Vipaka-sutra
• Drishti-pravada or Drishtivad

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Drishti-pravada-anga 12th Ang-agam

• Divided into Five Parts
• Five Parikarmas
• Sutra
• Pratham-anuyoga
• Fourteen Purva-gatas or Purvas
• Five Chulikas
• Five Parikarmas
• Chandra-prajnapti
• Surya-prajnapti
• Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti
• Dvip-prajnapti
• Vyakhya-prajnapti
• Sutra
• An account of 363 false creeds
• Pratham-anuyoga
• Life stories of 63 great Leaders
• 24 Tirthankars
• 12 Chakra-vartis
• 9 Narayans or Vasudevs

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Listings of 14 Purvas

• Utpada-purva
• describes the origination, destruction, and
  permanence nature of substances
• Agraya-niya
• describes seven tattvas, and six dravyas
• Viryanu-vad
• describes the power and qualities of living and
  nonliving substances.
• Asti-nasti-pravad
• Seven ways (saydvad) of considering things and
  their usage.
• Jnana-pravad
• Eight types of knowledge (Jnana)
• Satya-pravad
• Description of truth, silence, speakers
• Atma-pravad
• Description of soul (Atma) from Nischaya and
  Vyavahar point of view

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Listings of 14 Purvas (Cont..)

• Karma-pravad
• Bondage and its modification of karma to the soul
• Pratya-khyan
• Description of vows, penance, repentance, and
  renunciation of bad things.
• Vidyanu-vad
• Acquiring special power by learning various
  Mantras and other knowledge
• Kalyan-vad
• Description of the grand celebrations of great
  events (Kalyanak)
• Prana-vad
• knowledge about removal of pains caused by
  spirit, ghost, snake etc.
• Kriya-visal
• Description 72 arts of man and 64 arts of woman
• Triloka-bindu-sara
• Way of attaining Moksha and glory and happiness
  of it.

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Five Chulikas Chulika knowledge acquires extra
ordinary power

• Jala-gata
• power to walk on water, staying in the water,
  passing through fire etc.
• Sthala-gata
• travel to mount Meru, Mahavideh etc.
• Maya-gata
• power to perform miracles
• Rupa-gata
• transformation of body into various forms.
• Akasa-gata
• travel into space

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Ang-bahya Agams

• Composed by Sthaviras.
• 14 or 10 Purvi Acharyas
• Digambar
• All sects - 14
• Shwetambar
• Murtipujak - 34
• Non-murtipujak - 21

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Digambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• 1. Samayik
• 2. Samstava
• 3. Vandana
• 4. Pratikraman
• 5. Vinaya
• 6. Kriti-karma
• 7. Das-vaikalik
• 8. Uttar-adhyayan
• 9. Kalpa-vyavahara
• 10. Kalpa-Kalpa
• 11. Mahakalpa-sanjnaka
• 12. Pundarika
• 13. Maha-pundarika
• 14. Nishidika
• All 14 Ang-bahya Agams are extinct during 364 BC.
  to 157 AD.

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams
Sect.......................... Upang Agams
A 12
B 12
Chhed-sutra Agams
6
4
Mool-sutra Agams
4
3
Chulika-sutra Agams
2
2
Prakirna Agams
10
0
Total
34
21

• A Swetambar Murtipujak sect
• B Swetambar Non-murtipujak sect

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• Upang Agams
• Aupa-patika
• Raja-prasniya
• Jivabhigam
• Prajnapana
• Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti
• Surya-prajnapti
• Chandra-prajnapti
• Nirayavali or Kalpika
• Kalpa-vatansika
• Pushpika
• Pushpa-chulika
• Vrashni-dasha
• Accepted by Murti Pujak and Non-murti Pujak sects.

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• Chhed-sutra Agams
• Nishitha
• Maha-nishitha
• Vyavahara
• Das-sruta-skandha
• Brahat-kalpa
• Panch-kalpa (now extinct) or Jit-kalpa
• Mul-sutra Agams
• Avasyaka
• Dasha-vaikalika
• Uttara-dhyan
• Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti
• Chulika-sutra Agams
• Nandi-sutra
• Anuyoga-dvara
• Not accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• Prakirna Agams
• Chatuh-sarana
• Samstarak
• Atura-pratya-khyana
• Bhakti-parijna
• Tandul-vaitalika
• Chandra-vedhyaka
• Devendra-stav
• Ganit-vidya
• Maha-pratya-khyan
• Vir-stava
• None are accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

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Agam Summary by Jain Sects

• Digambar (all sects)
• 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 356 BC
• Remaining 11 Angs and 14 Ang-bahya extinct by 157
  AD
• Agam Substitute Literature
• Satkhand Agam
• Kashay-pahud
• Four Anuyogs
• Shwetambar (all sects)
• 11 Ang-pravishta Agams Survived
• 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 474 AD
• Shwetambar Murtipujak
• Accepts 34 Ang-bahya Agams
• Shwetambar Nonmurtipujak
• Accepts 21 Ang-bahya Agams

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History of Preservation

• First Recession (226 BC)
• Patali-putra by Sthulibhadra
• 11 Ang Agams orally complied
• 14 Purvas not remembered
• Later Sthulibhadra complied 10 Purvas
• Second Recession (374 AD to 387 AD)
• Mathura by Skandil
• Valabhi by Nagarjun
• Agams and Anuyogs documented
• Third Recension (527 AD)
• Valabhi by Devardhi-gani
• Prakirnas documented
• Agams and Anuyogs reviewed/preserved
• Differences documented in Churni
• Agam works settled (Catalog in Nandi Sutra)
• Current Status
• Deviation from Nandi Sutra
• Many Prakirnas are extinct
• Vir-stava and Pind-niryukti added afterwards

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Commentary Literature

• To study Jain Agams, one requires to study
  complete Panchagini of each Agam.
• Panchagini (Five Types)
• Original Sutras
• Niryukti
• Bhasya
• Churni
• Tika

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Niryukti Literature

• Written on Agam sutras
• Prakrit Language
• Poetic Form and Short
• Provides General Meaning
• Contains
• Historical Incidences
• Old Traditions, Stories, and Examples
• Philosophy, Principles, and Conducts
• Author - Bhadrabahu-swami (second)
• Written on 10 Agams before 600 AD
• Independent Niryukties
• Sanstarak Niryukti
• Govind Niryukti or Darshan Prabhavak Shastra
• Aradhana Niryukti

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Bhasya Literature

• Written on Agam and Niryukti
• Prakrit Language
• Poetic Form
• Provides Specific Meaning
• Contains
• Prachin (old) Anushruties
• Jatak Stories
• Provides Good Understanding of
• History of Jainism
• Conducts and Behavior of Monks
• Authors
• Sanghdas-gani
• Jinbhadra-gani
• Written - 400 to 600 AD.

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Churni Literature

• Written on Agam, Niryukti, Bhasya
• Prakrit mixed Sanskrit Language
• Prose Form
• Contains Jatak and Religious Stories
• Provides Good Understanding
• Social Customs
• Business
• Food Habits
• Festivals
• Clothing of people
• Author - Jindas-gani Mahattar
• 600 AD

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Tika Literature

• Written on Agam sutras, Niryukti, Bhasya, and
  Churni
• Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit stories
• Most Important to understand Agam literature
• Prominent Tika Authors
• Haribhadra-suri (705 to 755 AD.)
• Prajnapana, Avasyaka, Nandi, Dasha-vaikalika,
  Anuyoga-dvara
• Shilanka-suri (8th century)
• Acharang, Sutra-kratang
• Abhaydev (11th century)
• 9 of 11 Ang Agams
• Malladhari Hemchandra (11th century)
• Anuyoga-dvara
• Acharya Malay-giri (11th century)
• Nandi, Prajnapana, Jivabhigam, Brahat-kalpa,
  Rajpashniya, Chandra-pragnapti, Avasyak
• Shanti-suri (1563 AD.)
• Uttara-dhyan Sutra Vrahat Tika

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Classification of Subject Matter
Code English Name Prakrit Name A Metaphysics
Tattvajnan B Spiritual/Philosophy Adhyatma
C Meditation Yoga, Dhyan D Karma
E Logic Darshan, Naya,
Praman F Conduct Charan-anuyoga G Morali
ty Niti, Upadesh H Astronomy Lok
Svarup J Story, Biography Puran, Katha,
Vyang K Ritual and Sutras Stotra, Mantra,
Puja M Drama and Poetry Lalit, Kavya
Shastra, Natak N Figures of speech Alankar P
Dictionary Kosha, Lokjnan Q Grammar V
yakaran R Mathematics Ganit S Astrology
Jyotish T Physics Padarth
Vijnan U Politics Rajniti
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Jain Authors

• Kundkunda-charya (1st century)
• Ashta Pahud B
• Baras Anuvekkha (Anupreksha) B
• Das Bhakti Granth B
• Niyamsar B
• Panchastikaya B
• Pravachansar B
• Samaysar B
• Umaswati or (2nd century)
• Umaswami
• Tattvarth Sutra A
• Prashama-rati Prakarana B
• Tattvarth Bhasya A
• Siddhasen Divakar or (5th century)
• Gandh-hasti
• Dvatrishika Stotra K
• Kalyan Mandir Stotra (S) K
• Nyayavatar E
• Sanmati-tark (prakaran) E

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Jain Authors

• Samant-bhadra (5th century)
• Apta Mimansa (Devagma Stotra) E
• Ratna Karand Shravakachar F
• Stuti Vidya K
• Svayambhu Stotra K
• Pujyapad or Devanandi (6th century)
• Ishtopadesh G
• Jainendra Vyakaran Q
• Samadhi Sataka
• Samadhi Tantra C
• Sarvarth Siddhi (Tattvarth tika) A
• Siddhi Priya Stotra K
• Akalank (7th century)
• Ashtashati (Apta Mimansha tika) E
• Lagiyasraya E
• Nyaya Vinishchaya E
• Praman Sangraha E
• Siddhi Vinishchaya E

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Jain Authors

• Haribhadra-suri (8th century)
• Anekant Jaya Pataka E
• Anuyoga-dvara C
• Asada-kavikrata Upadesha F
• Dharma Bindu F
• Dharma Samgrahani F
• Dhurta-khyan J
• Jambudvipa Prajnaapti R
• Jiva-bhigam A
• Kandati C
• Lalit Vistra M
• Nandi P
• Nyaya Pravesh (tika-non Jain text E
• Samaraicchakaha J
• Savay Pannitti F
• Shad-darshan Samuccaya A

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Jain Authors

• Haribhadra-suri (8th century) cont...
• Tattvarth Sloka Vriti A
• Upadesha Pada G
• Yoga Bindu C
• Yoga Drasti Samucchaya C
• Yoga Shataka C
• Vidyananda (8th century)
• Apta Pariksha E
• Ashta Sahasri (Apta Mimansa tika) E
• Naya-vivarnam E
• Patrapariksa E
• Praman Pariksha E
• Satya Shasan Pariksha E
• Tattvarth Shloka Vartika (tika) A

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Jain Authors

• Nemichandra Siddhant Chakravarti (10th century)
• Brahat Dravya Sangraha A
• Gomatsar Jivakanda D
• Gomatsar Karmakanda D
• Kshetra Ganita L
• Labdhisar (Gomatsar purak) D
• Raghava Pandaviya Kavya M
• Triloksar H
• Somdev (10th century)
• Adhyatma Tarangini C
• Nitivakyamrit U
• Syadvad Upanishad C
• Upasak Addhayan F
• Yashastilak Champu I

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Jain Authors

• Hemchandra (12th century)
• Abhidhana Chintamani P
• Alankar Chudamani N
• Anaya-yoga Vyavachchedika E
• Anekartha Namamala P
• Arhan-niti U
• Chhandonu-shasana M
• Deshi Namamala P
• Dhvayashrya Mahakavya M
• Kavyanu Shashana M
• Mahadev Stotra K
• Nighantukosha P
• Paramatma Prakaran C
• Parishishta Parva J
• Praman Mimansa E
• Shesha Namamala P
• Siddha Hemachandra Vyakarana O
• Siddhahema Shabdanu Shasan O
• Trishishta Shalaka Purush I

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Jain Authors

• Yashovijayji (18th century)
• Adhyatma Pariksa B
• Adhyatma Sara B
• Adhyatma Upanishad B
• Ashta Sahasri Vivaran E
• Dharma Pariksha F
• Dvatrimshad K
• Jain Tark Paribhasha E
• Jnan-bindu-sara B
• Karma-prakrati Tika D
• Naya-pradip E
• Naya-rahasya E
• Nayamrit Tarangini E
• Nyaya Khandan Khadya E
• Nyayalok E
• Tattvarth Sutra Vriti A
• Upadesha Rahasya F