Strategic ressources: Biomass in Europe

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Strategic ressources Biomass in Europe

• Dr. H. Kopetz
• Copenhagen, 19. June 2007
• EuroheatPower 33. Congress

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The message of the following presentation

• Global warming is the biggest challenge ever for
  our societies.
• A strong policy for District Heating and for
  biomass as heat source is essential to decrease
  C0² emissions.
• Biomass can contribute an important quantity to
  the heat supply.

3
Structure

• Biomass in the European energy system
• The dynamics of biomass
• Biomass as resource the potential
• Biomass in the heat market
• Biomass and C0² reduction

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What is biomass?

• Biomass is organic matter, generated by plants
  through photosynthesis with the energy provided
  by the sun biomass is stored solar energy! It
  is a renewable, indigenous energy form.
• The carbon, that the plant needs to build the
  various carbohydrates is taken from the
  atmosphere in the form of C0² and released to the
  air as C0² as soon as the biomass is used. The
  production and utilization of biomass is part of
  the natural carbon cycle. It is a sustainable
  process as long as the quantity of biomass
  produced is at least as big as the quantity taken
  away and the means of production (soil, water)
  dont deteriorate.
• The differences between fossil fuels and biomass
  - Using fossil fuels the carbon is taken from
  the earth crust and transferred to the air, thus
  increasing the C0² content in the atmosphere, the
  main cause of global warming. fossil fuels are
  not renewable and in most cases not indigenous.

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What forms of biomass for energy?

• Biomass can originate from -forests,
• -agriculture and
• -waste streams.
• Biomass from forests
• fire wood, wood chips, bark, saw mill
  shaving,saw dust, pellets, branches, tops and
  other byproducts of the wood industry, black
  liquor (lignin), demolition wood
• Biomass from agriculture
• byproducts straw, manure, bagasse, oilseed
  cakes,
• traditional crops as energy crops corn,
  cereals, sugar beet, rape, sunflower
• new energy crops short rotation forests,
  miscanthus, energy grass
• Biomass from waste streams
• industrial by-products, mainly of the food
  and brewing industry, sewage sludge, organic
  fraction of municipial solid waste. Manure or
  straw are not seen as waste but as by-products of
  agriculture.

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Composition of biomass as energy carrier
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Energieträger Holz
Brennholz
Pellets
Hackgut, Rinde
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The versatility of biomass
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Utilisation of biomass, 2004 EU 25, Mtoe
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Renewables in the energy systemEU 25, 2004, Mtoe
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Biomass among renewables2004, Mtoe

• RES total biomass share of
• biomass
• All reneweables 109.5 72.3 67
• Renewable heat 50.2 48.0 96
• Renew. Electricity TWh 431 68.0 16
• Renew. Fuels 1.92 1.92 100

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Biomass for energy toe/capitain 12 EU member
states2004, Source EU Commission, pocketbook

• EU average 0.15
• Finland 1.45
• Sweden 0.98
• Denmark 0.43
• Austria 0.42
• Portugal 0.27
• France 0.20
• Germany 0.11
• Spain 0.11
• Poland 0.11
• Hungary 0.08
• Slovak Republic 0.07
• United Kingdom 0.05
• Sweden uses 12 times as much bioenergy/capita as
  Hungary, Spain twice as much as UK!
• Huge differences between member states!

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Conclusion 1 (EU 25, 2004)

• Biomass covers 2/3 off all Renewables and 4.1 of
  gross inland consumption
• 85 of bioenergy comes from forests
• Biomass is used primarily for heat (66), heat
  and electricity (31) and fuels (3)
• The contribution of biomass differs widely
  between member states
• Biomass is versatile concerning production,
  conversion and utilisation.

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Structure

• Biomass in the European energy system
• The dynamics of biomass
• Biomass as resource the potential
• Biomass in the heat market
• Biomass and C0² reduction

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The growth of renewables, MtoeBiomass is fastest
growing in absolute terms, wind in relative terms.
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Development of bioenergy 1995 - 2020 realized
growth, proposed targetsAn acceleration of
deployment is necessary to reach the targets!
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The growth of heat, electricity and fuels from
biomass 2000 2004,Mtoe, EU 25

• European directives promote the development of
  RES electricity and fuels So far, there is no
  European policy for the heat sector.

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Bioenergy Targets for heat, electricity and
fuels, 2020
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2003 2006 Which bioenergy have the fastest
growth?

• Biofuels, more than 100
• pushed by the biofuels directive 2003
• Pellets more than 50
• partly pushed by the RES-electricity directive,
  partly by high oil prices
• Biogas from agriculture more than 100
• pushed by high feed in tariffs in
  Germany,Italy, Austria

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Ethanol production growth 2004-2006 190reason
directive on liquid fuels
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Conclusion 2

• Biomass is the fastest growing renewable energy
  source in absolute terms, yet the growth is too
  slow to reach the targets
• Biomass electricity and liquid fuels are growing
  more rapidly than biomass heat.
• Biomass heat grows slowly because of the lack of
  an European legislation on renewable heat
• The growth of biomass depends on
• European policy, national policies
• Crude oil prices

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Structure

• Biomass in the European energy system
• The dynamics of biomass
• Biomass as resource the potential
• Biomass in the heat market
• Biomass and C0² reduction

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Environmentally-compatible bioenergy potential
(Mtoe) EU 25

• real potential
• 2004 72.3
• 2010 188.5
• 2020 234.7
• 2030 283.4
• SourceEuropean Environment Agency, Copenhagen
  2006

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AEBIOM targets for bioenergy , Mtoe2004 EU 25
Scenario 2020 EU27
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Details on the supply scenario

• Byproducts of forestry and agriculture are not
  defined as waste but as part of forestry or
  agriculture. Waste consists of MSW, sewage,
  by-products of the food industry and other
  organic waste streams of the industry.
• 2004 2020
• Wood based bioenergy 61.5 75.0
• a1) wood direct from forest or parks firewood,
• wood for chios, pellets 18 23
• a2) by-products of forest and wood
  based 43.5 50.0
• industries( black liquor 12,12 bark 6,7
• residuals felling 2,5 demolition wood etc 2,4
• by-products of wood processing )
• hereof pellets (1.5) (25.0)
• Agricultural based bioenergy 3.5 100.0
• b1)energy crops (for fules, biogas, solid
  biomass 2.5 88.0
• b2) by-products (straw, manure for biogas,
  etc) 1.0 12.0
• Waste 7.3 23.0
• mainly MSW, sewage, food industry
• Sourceown estimations on the basis of various
  data

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Plantation of Wood
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Efficiency and conversion technology
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Prices wood chipscentral Europe, summer
2006natural gas import prices 30distribution
costs 2004 4/GJ 2007 7.3/GJ
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Conclusion 3

• A threefold increase of biomass until 2020 is
  possible without harming environmental rules and
  food supply
• The big future potential lies in biomass from
  agriculture on the basis of energy crops
• conventional crops such as cereals, corn, rape,
  sunflower for fuels and biogas
• new perennial crops such as short rotation
  forests, miscanthus for solid biomass (heat,
  electricity, 2nd gen. biofuels)
• Land requirements between 20 to 40 Mha, this land
  is available in EU 27
• The mobilisation requires new incentives on
  behalf of the CAP (common agricultural policy)
• To optimize the potential efficient conversion
  technologies have to be chosen
• prices between 15 30/MWh (4.2 - 8.4 /GJ)

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Structure

• Biomass in the European energy system
• The dynamics of biomass
• Biomass as resource the potential
• Biomass in the heat market
• Biomass and C0² reduction

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Biomass as heating sourcefire wood, chips in
heat contracting, district heating, industry,
pellets
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The Supply of heat in Europe (2003, EU 25)
Almost one third of the heat is produced from
electricity. That means more than 50 of the
electricity produced in Europe is used for
heating purposes!
Source Statistical pocketbook 2005, European
commission www.europheat.org/ecoheatcool own
calculations
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District heating and biomass in Europe

• District heating in Europe reached in 2003 45
  Mtoe, -about 10 of the heat demand - and this is
  concentrated in the nordic countries and central
  Europe.
• Biomass in DH makes about 10, it is important
  only in Nordic countries and Austria all together
  ca 5.2Mtoe.
• In most other countries electricity production
  and heat supply are seperated, which leads to
  inefficient systems.

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Heat from district heating kWh/capita, 2003
EU 25 average 1059
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Biomass heat via district heating kWh/capita,
2003
EU 25 average 132
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Proposed Contribution of RES to the heating
sector EU 27, Mtoe
Source AEBIOM, EREC
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Scenario structure of heat supply in 2020, Mtoe
Source EREC, AEBIOM, own calculations
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What does this mean for the electricity market?

• Saved electricity in the heating sector 80Mtoe
  930 TWh
• Replacing 930 TWh electricity in the heating
  market by RES means you could shut down 95 of
  the nuclear power capacity or 54 of thermal
  power stations!

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Conclusion 4

• The heating system in Europe is inefficient
• It produces large quantities of C0²
• - using electricity from fossil fired power
  plants which waste heat
• - and relying on gas and oil
• District heating is well developed only in Nordic
  and central European countries, Renewables in
  district heating only in Nordic countries and
  Austria.
• Facing the challenge of global warming a
  restructuring of the heating sector is
  neccessary
• - more district heating to use the waste heat
  of power stations
• - more biomass instead of electricity and
  fossil fuels in the heating sector.

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Structure

• Biomass in the European energy system
• The dynamics of biomass
• Biomass as resource the potential
• Biomass in the heat market
• Biomass and C0² reduction

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Climate change and greenhouse gas emissions

• A succesful strategy against climate change
  requires a strong reduction of the greenhouse gas
  emissions minus 843 Mt until 2020 to comply
  with the council of 9.3.2007

C02 emissions, EU-25, Million tonnes CO2
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Fossil fuels main source of CO2 emissions

• In 2003 the EU-25 consumed
• 1380.1 Mtoe
• fossil fuels in the form of coal, oil and
• natural gas. This quantitiy has to be reduced by
• 301 Mtoe
  
  
• until 2020 to reach the new community targets.
• What can biomass contribute to reach
• these targets?

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Biomass and C0² reduction Strategic choices

• The contribution of biomass to the reduction
  of C0² depends upon strategic choices concerning
• A) the production which biomass to produce and
  how?
• B) the conversion which final energy to deliver
  from biomass heat, electricity of fuels?
• C) the substitution which existing energy system
  to substitute with biomass?
• These strategic choices have a huge impact on
  C0² reduction and security of supply as the
  following two scenarios demonstrate.

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Biomass and C0² reduction 2 scenarios

• Scenarios A bau
• assumptions given 10 Mha land,
• production cereals, corn, rape, short rotation
  forests (10)
• conversion to ethanol, biodiesel, and 2nd
  generation fuels
• substitution petrol and fossil diesel
• heating and electricity sector not affected
• Scenario B C0² reduction scenario
• assumption given 10 Mha land
• production miscanthus, short rotation forest,
  other energy crops
• conversion combustion to heat
• substitution 2/3 electricity heating, 1/3 oil
  heating systems
• transportation sector not affected

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The results

• Scenario A
• production 13Mtoe
• substitution of fossil fuels 13 Mtoe
• C0² reduction 40 Mt
• Scenario B
• production 40 Mtoe
• substitution of 260 TWh electricity, 56 Mtoe
  fossil fuels to produce electricity and 13.6
  Mtoe heating oil,
• in total 69.6 Mtoe
• C0² reduction 215 Mt
• Conclusion The production of solid biomass, its
  conversion to heat and the substituion of
  electricity and coal or oil in the heating
  systems delivers the highest effects in C0²
  reduction and improvement of security of supply.

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An integrated concept to reduce C0² emissions
based on biomass, district heating and efficient
electricity production would mean

• Reduce electricity in the heating sector
• Reduce fossil fuels in the heating sector
• Use more heat from thermal power plants 120
  Mtoe available
• Increase district heating from 40 Mtoe to 120
  Mtoe
• Use biomass and other RES for heat additional
  120 Mtoe
• With this strategy 200 300 Mtoe fossil fuels
  could be saved and 600 900 Mt C0² reduced.
• In the upcoming RES directive and in the national
  concepts to reach 20 renewables and 20
  efficiency improvent clear guidelines for the
  increase of district heating and biomass for heat
  should be incorporated.Proposed target 25 RES
  heat in 2020!

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Conclusion 5

• Priorities for the use of biomass within a
  strategy against climate change
• biomass to heat replacing electrical heating,
  coal or oil
• biomass to electricity and heat (CHP) using as
  much heat as possible (District heating,
  industry)
• biogas as transportation fuel
• Liquid fuels are important to improve the
  security of supply, their effect on C0² reduction
  is smaller than in other bioenergy chains!

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Summary

• Global warming is the biggest challenge ever for
  our societies
• A strong policy for District Heating with and
  without cogeneration and for biomass as heat
  source is essential to decrease C0² emissions
• Biomass can contribute an important quantity to
  the heat supply.

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Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit! Thank you for the
attention!