Urban Planning and Policy

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Urban Planning and Policy
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Outline

• Context
• Roots of Urban Planning
• Urban Planning in the U.K.
• Urban Planning in the U.S.
• Urban Planning in the Soviet block

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Context for Planning

• Many policies affect urban areas
• Planning requires consensus on government
  intervention, and restriction of free market

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Roots of Urban Planning

• Up to late 1800s unregulated development
• Polarized social conditions of 1800s produced
• Revolutionary responseoverthrow system
• Conservative alternativeameliorate excesses
• Utopians/Garden Cities (Ebenezer Howard)

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Urban Planning in the U.K.

• 1947 Town and County Planning Act
• Private land ownership but public accountability
• Compulsory purchase
• Community gain, not individual gain (100 land
  development taxremoved in 1952, now negotiated
  planning gain)
• Overall goals
• Urban containment
• Protection of countryside
• Creation of self-contained, balanced communities

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Phases of UK Urban Planning

• 1940s-1960s Physical redevelopment
• 1970s Social Welfare
• 1980s Entrepreneurial
• 1990s Competitive
• 1997- New Labour

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Urban Planning in the U.S.

• No national system of planning
• Primary tool is zoning
• 1st zoning ordinance in 1916 in NY
• U.S. Supreme Court Decision in 1926
• Many forms of zoning, but generally much weaker
  than in the UK

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Phases in U.S. Planning

• Greenbelt Cities (1920s)
• Henry Wright, Clarence Stein, Clarence Perry
• Lewis Mumford and Regional Planning
• City Beautiful movement (early 1900s to 1920s)
• Daniel Hudson Burnham
• Regional/Comprehensive Planning (1920s and 30s)
• Rexford G. Tugwell

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Phases in U.S. Planning

• Urban General Plan (1950s)
• T.J. Kent
• Pluralism in Planning (1960s)
• Albert Hirschmann, Charles Lindblom, Mel Weber
• Greater attention to process
• Politics is designed as system to make decisions
  in uncertain situation
• Planners as facilitators
• Advocacy Planning (1960s)
• Paul Davidoff
• Saul Alinsky

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1990s and beyond

• Regionalism
• Municipality led http//www.brook.edu/es/urban/ref
  lections.htm
• Community-based regionalism http//www.policylink.
  org/region/index.html
• Smart Growth
• Dense, multi-use, quality of life
• Link transit, housing, jobs
• Lots of resources
• www.smartgrowth.org
• www.smartgrowthamerica.org
• www.fundersnetwork.org

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From Smart Growth Network www.smartgrowth.org
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Planning in Socialist Cities

• 1935 Plan for Moscow
• Limited City Size
• State control of housing
• Planning development of residential areas
• Spatial equality in collective consumption
• Limited journey to work
• Stringent land-use zoning
• Rationalized traffic flows
• Symbolism and central city
• Town planning integral part of national planning
• Actual development never fully met these goals

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Take-home Messages

• Planning emerged in late 1800s in response to
  poor urban conditions
• UK has relatively strong planning mechanisms, but
  these have shifted (weakened?) over time
• US planning has been relatively weak, but
  increasing recognition of need for greater
  intervention
• Planning is strongly influenced by politics and
  power