Interactions

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Interactions

• Transformation, Imperialism, Colonialism

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Definitions

• Imperialism
• Policy of extending control over foreign entities
  either thru direct or indirect political or
  economic intervention
• Colonialism
• System in which a state claims sovereignty over a
  foreign people, its resources, its territory

Cecil Rhodes, From Cape to Cairo, as depicted
in a 19th c. Punch magazine.
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Transformation in Western Europe, 16th-19th c.

• New state types
• emergence of the national state around 1500
• well-defined territory
• relatively centralized
• Professional armies
• New accumulation of wealth
• New economies
• Exploration of the New World, 1450-1700.
• Industrial capitalism

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W. European Transformation

• New ideas
• Science and Enlightenment
• Development of a new scientific discourses
• New identities
• Us and Them, Civilized world and
  uncivilized world, Orient Occident
• gradual emergence of nationalism

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French invasion of Egypt, 1798-1801
Right, Geromes Napoleon in Egypt (1863)
A romanticized painting of Napoleon inspecting a
mummy at the Pyramids.
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Transformations in Ottoman rule, 19th century

• Ottoman reform The Tanzimat, 1830s-1870s
• New centralization
• New technologies (railroad)
• New education
• New institutions
• Nationalism
• loss of Ottoman territories
• Communal violence
• Reform new powers (Egypt)
• Erosion of Ottoman economic and political
  independence
• Capitulations
• European protection of non-Muslim minorities
• 1881 Public Debt Administration

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Age of Empire, 1875-1914

• Growing global division between the very powerful
  and the not powerful
• Rise of colonial empires
• Between 1876 1914 about 25 of the worlds land
  surface distributed as colonies among about 6
  states (E. Hobsbawm)
• Reasons economics (new markets new resources),
  strategic reasons, political symbolism,
  nationalism
• New European colonialism in the Middle East
  Direct Indirect colonialism
• British outposts on the Arabian Peninsula, 1799
• New settler colonialisms in North Africa
• French annexation of Algeria, 1834
• British administrative occupation of Egypt, 1882
• Russian and British imperialism in Iran

In the late 19th c. around 60 of Britains
cotton exports went to India further east
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Imperialism in Africa, late 19th-early 20th
century
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Empires twilight World War I and its aftermath

• Choosing the wrong side The Ottomans in WWI
• Secret European agreements
• Istanbul Agreement Russia, England, France
  Russia gets Istanbul and the straits Arabs get
  Arabia and much of the rest of the Arab world
• Sykes-Picot Agreement Britain and France
• Husayn-McMahon Correspondence
• Balfour Declaration

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Sykes-Picot Agreement
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New Maps the Mandate System

• League of Nations-sanctioned
• certain parts of the world were put under
  trusteeship of various victorious European
  powers
• British mandates in the MidEast Palestine, Iraq,
  Transjordan
• French mandates in the MidEast Syria, Lebanon

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Outside the Mandate

• True independence Turkey
• Mostly independent Yemen, S.Arabia
• Direct colonial rule Libya (Italy) Algeria,
  Morocco, Tunisia (French)
• External control influence Iran (Britain,
  Russia, U.S.), Egypt (Britain)
• British treaties of protection Kuwait, Oman,
  U.A.E.

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