Knowledge access and sharing An overview of access models

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Knowledge access and sharing
An overview of access models

• Fiona Godlee
• Head of BMJ Knowledge
• www.clinicalevidence.com

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Access to scientific information

• How much information (raw data?)
• When (before or after peer review?)
• To whom (free/paid for?)

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Controlling access - IIndustry (and researchers)

• Sharing raw data

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Data sharing pros

• Efficient use of resources - reuse of datasets to
  replicate findings or address new questions
• Can help to formulate research questions/refine
  measurement instruments/calculate sample sizes
• Facilitates meta-analysis
• Allows others to check whether conclusions were
  justified
• Makes fraud more difficult
• Davey-Smith G. Increasing accessibility of
  data. BMJ 1994 308 1519-20

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Data sharing cons

• Practicalities
• Misuse of data
• Commercial considerations

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Data sharing making it possible

• Funders - make grants conditional
• Clearing houses
• Searchable registers of ongoing and completed
  projects
• Freedom of information act
• Journals - make it a requirement (and make it
  feasible)
• Make it a routine part of informed consent for
  participants
• Delamothe T. Whose data are they anyway? BMJ
  1996 3121241-42

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Controlling access - IIJournal editors

• Before or after peer review

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Controlling access - IIIPublishers

• Free or paid for

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Access to peer reviewed research

• An emerging spectrum
• The subscription model
• Variants on the subscription model
• Models aimed at ameliorating the impact of the
  subscription model
• Open access

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Why open access?

• Reduces costs of dissemination (more money for
  science and health care)
• Amenable to market forces
• Encourages author power
• Globally inclusive
• Facilitates scientific exchange/discovery
• Removes reasons for not building on the entirety
  of the scientific record
• Restores a public good

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Journal
Journal
Journal
Journal
Article
Journal
Choice
Monopoly
Libraries
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Spiralling prices

• Between 1986 and 1999
• 207 price increase
• Brain Research
• 1991 3,713
• 2001 9,148
• Average number of journal subscriptions across US
  research libraries dropped by 6
• (Association of Research Libarians)

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Spiralling prices

• 1999 - 2002
• Global medical publishing sector grew by
  estimated 20
• revenues 2.69 billion

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Spiralling prices

• I think scientists all over would be shocked to
  realise what a phenomenally lucrative business
  scientific publishing can be.
• Nicholas Cozzarelli-
• editor in chief of the PNAS

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Why not open access?

• Unproven
• Unsustainable
• Author power means readers will not be served
• Publishers add value
• Quality will suffer
• There will be fewer good journals
• Need additional filters
• Societies will no longer be able to support their
  other valuable activities

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The subscription model
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Variants on the subscription model

• Authors can pay for their article to be open
  access
• Original research open, value added content
  closed
• Selected articles free
• Archive open/free after a period of time

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Models that attempt to ameliorate the impact of
the subscription model
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