C. Skip Barthle

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AeronauticalResource Management

• C. Skip Barthle
• CFII-H
• In association with the
• Greater STL Helicopter Association

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Absolute Safety?

• A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what
  ships are for.
• John A. Shedd

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Purpose

• The focus of this presentation is to present
  methods of information processing so the pilot
  can meet the challenges in demanding aviation
  environments by enhancing Situational Awareness.

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Accidents Fatalities 1986 - 2005U.S. General
Aviation (Source NTSB)
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HEMS Fatalities1980-2002 (As of SEP 2002, Source
AMPA)
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Predominant Cause of Accidents?HUMAN ERROR IS
EXCESSIVE!
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Accidents/IncidentsCommon Elements

• 8 out of 10 incidents, someone, somewhere,
  had some piece of information which could have
  prevented the incident from happening, but failed
  to share that information.

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B-747 (NTSB ID DCA01RA002) Singapore Airlines
Flight SQ006
What Happened???
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Synopsis (NTSB ID DCA01RA002)
Singapore Airlines, crashed on takeoff from
Taipei's Chang Kai Shek International Airport at
2318 local time. The weather in the area was
poor, precipitated by a typhoon. Subsequent
investigation of the accident confirmed that the
flight crew mistakenly attempted takeoff on
Runway 05R (9029x150ft), instead of the planned
Runway 05L (12008x200ft). NOTAMs showed that,
at the time of the accident, Runway 05R was
closed for repairs, and that numerous pieces of
construction equipment were parked on the runway.
Approaching 140 knots, the 747 impacted the
construction vehicles, breaking the fuselage into
three parts and igniting a large post-crash fire.
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Read the PhotoWhat Does it Say?
A Bird In The The Bush
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Pre-Conceived Notions

• This illustrates how a mind set can block
  simple communications.
• If you see the word THE twice, you are correct.
• If you dont, try reading slower and
  deliberately.
• We all have pre-conceived notions. In this case,
  we are trained to read words and phrases
  fluently. Sometimes, we tend to combine like
  perceptions as one.

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Find the word Nixon.
Z H X O Z
Z H X O Z
Perception Varies Depending Upon Which Way We as
Individuals Choose to See Things
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Background of CRM

• FAA/NTSB investigations reveal human error is a
  cause in 60-80 of all aviation accidents.
• The problems come from poor group decision
  making, ineffective communications, inadequate
  leadership, and poor resource and task
  management.
• Continuing NASA and FAA monitoring showed that
  after initial indoctrination, significant
  improvement in crew attitudes occurs.
• With CRM re-current training, significant changes
  have been recorded with respect to improved crew
  performance.
• CRM trained crews operate more effectively as
  teams, and cope more effectively with unusual
  situations.

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Applied Definition

• Resource Management can be defined as the
  effective use of ALL available resources
• Human resources, hardware, and information.

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Once the pilot and crew analyze the information
from Resource Management sources, he or she then
can apply that information to their Aeronautical
Decision Making process.Although RM and ADM
cross pollinate, they are not the same in
philosophy or application.
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Human Resources Include(Not limited to)

• Ground Support Personnel.
• Flight Instructors.
• Associate Pilots.
• Passengers.

• Maintenance Personnel.
• ATC.
• Pilots.
• FAA FSS Specialists.

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Hardware Includes(Not limited to)

• Ground support equipment.
• Personal flight equipment.
• Aircraft.
• Aircraft equipment.

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Information Sources
(Not limited to)

• FSS.
• ATC.
• Software.
• Educational Materials.
• Flight Planning Materials.
• Aircraft Manufacturers.

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How Do We Consolidate Human, Hardware,
Information to Minimize Human Error?

• Operational Environment.
• Risk Management.
• Human Communications.
• Human Factors.

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Operational Environment Explained
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Encompasses not only the safe operation of
aircraft, but all support operational systems,
information, and personnel, as well.
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Non-Technical (Soft) Skills
Why are Soft Skills important to Resource
Management?
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Because it enhances a pilots ability to perform
Risk Management and maintains Situational
Awareness (SA).
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Risk Evaluation 3-P Model

• A pilot or crew should evaluate each 3-P segment
  to enhance SA-
• Perceive hazards.
• Process to evaluate level of risk.
• Perform risk management.

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PERCEIVE

• Goal is to identify hazards, which are events,
  objects, or circumstances that could contribute
  to an undesired event.
• Aircraft ground and flight operations which are
  hazards can be prevented by exercising good
  Resource Management.

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PROCESS the Information

• Goal is to determine whether the hazards you have
  identified constitute risk, which is the future
  impact of a hazard that is not controlled or
  eliminated.
• Degree of risk posed by a given hazard can be
  measured in terms of
• Exposure Number of people or resources
  affected.
• Severity Extent of possible loss.
• Probability Likelihood that a hazard will cause
  a loss.

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PERFORM Risk Management

• Alleviate the risk identified in the perceive and
  process stages.
• Determine what you can do to maximize safety
  free yourself from those conditions that can
  cause
• Death, injury, or illness
• Damage to equipment, property, or the environment
• What constitutes an acceptable level of risk?

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Human Resources? Hardware?Available
Information? (NTSB ID NYC04FA117)

• Is the aircraft a resource in preventing
  accidents?
• Is the operation a resource?
• Are you a resource in preventing accidents?

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NTSB ID NYC04FA117

• The hydraulic pump drive belt was a flat type
  identified with the part number "704A33690004".
  According to the applicable drawing provided by
  Eurocopter, the belt was manufactured from "FILON
  TYPE FO" and had two distinctive surfaces. A
  tissue surface on which the direction of rotation
  arrow was printed and an elastomeric surface. The
  drawing also indicated that the belt should be
  installed with the direction of rotation arrow on
  the outer surface. Based on the curvature of the
  drive belt, it had been installed on its pulleys
  with the tissue surface, displaying the direction
  arrow and part number, facing the inner surface.
  The drive belt had separated approximately
  0.7-inch forward of the tip of the direction of
  rotation arrow, and the part number located on
  the inner surface of the belt. In addition, the
  separation was located at a manufacturing seam
  where the two ends of the belt were bonded
  together.

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Where was I? Where am I? Where am I going?
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Situational Awareness (SA)

• The accurate perception or knowledge a crew
  maintains to their operational environment in
  order to anticipate contingencies and apply
  appropriate action.
• Requires knowledge of where you have been in
  position, time, and space where you are in
  position, time, and space and where you will be
  in position, time, and space.

WE DONT CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENT, WE ADAPT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT WITH OUR SKILL.
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Human Communication and the Effects on Resource
Management
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The Hard Part of Communication-The Human
Emotional Factor
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Human Communications

• Assertiveness.
• Barriers to Communication.
• Communications Skills at Work.

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Assertiveness is

• Everyone's Right to respectfully seek out and
  provide accurate information so as to apply that
  information prior to and during flight.
• However, not always will a pilot be ATCs best
  friend and vise-versa.
• Sometimes very strong personalities lose the
  ability to communicate effectively due to
  barriers which results in diminished safety.

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Communication Barriers

• Barriers result from inability of team members to
  distinguish the various communications channels
  in which we speak.
• Facts.
• Feelings.
• Values.
• Opinions.

Understand Context???
IN
OUT
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Communication Process Understanding the Sender

• The message the sender sends may not be the
  message the receiver receives even though the
  information is accurate.
• Maintain an awareness of others and be cognizant
  each of us thinks differently, and although the
  solution to the task may be common, the way an
  individual processes the information to get there
  varies.

Sender Encodes
Receiver Decodes
ltMessagegt
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Communications Skills at Work

• Be aware of the language being used, how its
  used, and its impact on the receivers.
• Use validated techniques for sending and
  receiving information to the team. When asking
  questions, have an expectation for a reply.
• Which is the best statement?
• Dont hit those wires! or
• You have wires at 10 oclock, 150 away, same
  altitudeDo you see the wires?

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Hazardous Attitudes Antidotes Enhancing Safe
Flight
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HUMAN FACTORS
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Human Factors

• Stress Flight Physiology.
• Fatigue Countermeasures.
• Flight Psychology.

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Stress
I cant take no more!!!

• A perceived imbalance between a demand and the
  individuals ability to meet that demand.
• Everyone has stress and can limit the adverse
  effects of stress by avoiding self-imposed
  stressors.

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Stressors

• Illness
• Medication
• Stress
• Alcohol
• Fatigue
• Emotion

IM SAFE
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Stressors

• Illness
• Even minor illness may produce distracting
  symptoms that can impair judgment, memory,
  alertness, and the ability to make calculations.
  
• Sick crews and aircraft do not mix!!!

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Stressors

• Medication
• Pilot crew performance can be seriously
  degraded by both prescription and over the
  counter medication. Part 67 prohibit pilots from
  performing crew member duties while using any
  medication that affects the faculties in any
  manner which is contrary to the requirements of
  the medical certificate.

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Stressors

• Stress
• Acute-High intensity, short durationnot
  tolerable for long periods of time.
• Chronic-Develops over long periods of time and is
  cumulativeleads to fatigue.
• Most pilots crews dont leave stress on the
  ground.

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Stressors

• Alcohol
• 1 bottle of beer, glass of wine, or mixed drink
  may stay in the system for as long as 3 hours.
  After a moderate amount of alcohol, a pilot
  crew can still be severely impaired for many
  hours by hangover.

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Stressors

• Fatigue
• One of the most treacherous hazards to flight
  safetyOften it is not apparent until serious
  errors occur. It requires a body and mind to
  attain adequate rest or recuperation.

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Stressors

• Emotion
• Emotionally upsetting events, such as a serious
  argument, death in the family, separation or
  divorce, etc. can render a pilots crews unable
  to operate safely.
• Recover from the event prior to flight duty!!!

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Fatigue

• Fatigue is caused by chronic stress.
• Fatigue is a body and minds need for rest and
  recuperation.
• The effects of fatigue that concern the
  operational community-those that affect
  crewmember alertness stem from
• Sleep loss.
• Circadian rhythm disruption.
• Interaction of the two.

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Is There a Cure for Fatigue???
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Fatigue Countermeasures

• Maintain an organized environment.
• Maintain good nutrition.
• Maintain your body-exercise.
• Limit self-imposed stress.
• Try to maintain sleep cycles.
• Learn to relax.
• Maintain a positive mental attitude!!!

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Maximum Performance Curve Stress Zones
WORKLOAD
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The Physiological Aspects of Aviation Are
Important, But What About the Psychological
Aspects?
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Flight Psychology

• Primary focus of Flight Psychology is stress
  management.

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Life Stress

• Major and minor stressors have a cumulative
  effect which constitutes your total stress
  adaptation capability which can vary from year to
  year.
• We all have stress to manage, and most manage
  without too much conflict.
• Stress is an inevitable and necessary part of
  life that adds motivation to life and heightens a
  crewmembers response to meet any challenge.

STRESS IS GOOD TOO MUCH STRESS IS DEBILITATING.
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Handling Stress in Aviation(NTSB ID CHI02FA288)

• Accidents often occur when operational
  requirements exceed the pilot or crews
  capability to perform. Lack of proficiency
  results in excessive stress which decreases ones
  ability to meet immediate, high-intensity demands.

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Signs of Inadequate Stress Coping

• Emotional-Displaying over-emotion for the
  situation.
• Physical-Deterioration of health and healthy
  living styles.
• Behavioral-A noticeable change in an individual's
  personal presentation and normal everyday
  patterns.
• When under extreme stress, an individual may
  shut down and disconnect from the operational
  environment.

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CRM Stress Management

• Avoid situations that distract you from your
  assigned duties.
• If possible, reduce workload to reduce stress.
• If an emergency occurs, be calm.
• Maintain your proficiency.
• Know and respect the aircraft limits and your own
  limits.
• Dont let little mistakes turn into a big thing.

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CRM COULD HAVE PREVENTED THIS ACCIDENT (NTSB ID
FTW00FA091)
During dark night conditions, the helicopter was
en route from its hospital base to another
hospital to pick up a medical patient for
transport back to the base hospital, when the
pilot landed the helicopter 15 miles south of the
destination hospital due to fog. The patient was
transported via ambulance to the helicopter.
After the patient was transferred to the
helicopter, witnesses reported that the
helicopter departed, with its lights on, and
headed toward the south at an altitude between 10
and 75 feet agl. They reported the visibility as
poor, about 1/4 mile, a very low ceiling, and
extremely dense fog. One witness stated that it
appeared as if the helicopter was 'trying to stay
close to the ground and not get up into the heavy
fog. Examination of the accident site revealed
that the helicopter impacted in a near 45 degree
nose low attitude and the wreckage encompassed an
area measuring 262 feet by 75 feet. A weather
study revealed that the accident site was in area
of low ceilings and fog, which was expanding to
the south and west. According to documents
provided by the operator, the pilot had
accumulated a total of 44 simulated instrument
flight hours and 1 hour of actual instrument
flight experience. Examination of the helicopter
revealed no evidence of an in-flight control or
system malfunction, and examination of the
engines revealed evidence of operation at the
time of impact.
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In Conclusion

• Resource Management is the skill set which must
  be developed by the individual to acquire useful
  information.
• Once that information is processed, the
  information is then applied to the ADM process.
• RM includes your physical resources (well being)
  as well as your mental resources.
• As a pilot, dont ever get caught in the trap of
  thinking any flight is Routine. Utilizing
  proper planning from appropriate available
  resources will absolutely enhance the safety of
  flight operations.

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END