Confucianism, Taoism,

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Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism
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Representative figures

• C Confucius
• (Mencius)
• T Lao Tzu
• Chuang Tzu
• L Han Fei Tzu
• Lord Shang
• Shen Tao
• Shen Pu-hai

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Representative texts

• C The Analects
• Mencius
• T Tao Te Ching
• Chuang Tzu
• L Han Fei Tzu

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Main themes

• C jen (benevolence)
• chun-tzu (gentleman)
• hsiao (filial piety)
• li (ritual)
• chung (loyalty)
• ..
• T wu-wei (inaction)
• no-jo (yielding softness)
• chi-wu (equalizing things)
• L fa (the rule of law)
• shu (political methods)
• shih (power)

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Therefore,

• C humanism
• T naturalism
• L totalitarianism

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Polity

• C chun-tzu (gentleman),
• government of men
• T the Tao (the Way),
• Non-governing
• L Law,
• government of law

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Principle

• C jen (benevolence),
• establishing advancing the
• society
• T wu-wei (non-action),
• everything will be done
• naturally
• L fa (law)
• shu (methods)
• shih (power)

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Ideal governing methods

• C nourishing teaching (education),
  rectification of names
• thus, all the realm turning to the benevolent
  ruler
• T eradicate interference and anxiety, rely on
  nature
• thus, small state with few people an age of
  perfect virtue (naturalness)
• L clearly articulate laws, strict regulations,
  reward punishment, heavy penalties
• thus, the state is strong, and the ruler, supreme

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• C acknowledging the royal Chou clans
  political authority
• sympathetic to clan-law
• sympathetic to the decaying Chou feudalism
• T non-cooperative with the Chou system
  seeking the liberation of the individual
• L acknowledging the disintegration of the Chou
  feudal world
• acknowledging the emerging of an authoritarian
  political order (totalitarianism)

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• C aristocratic point of view
• T individuals point of view
• L rulers point of view

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• C positive-minded with institution
• T negative-minded without
• institution
• (back to the primitive world)
• L positive-minded with
• institution (authority)

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Geographically

• C the state of Lu (North), respecting the Chou
  central court rituals
• T the state of Chu (south), for many
  generations in contact with the southern
  barbarians
• L the state of Chin (Northwest), for many
  generations in contact with the northern
  western barbarians