GS 4 Logistics

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GS 4 Logistics
WORKBOOK (Re-Read pages 1-9)
TEXTBOOK (Garrison, 4th Ed)
Scantron Forms 21577-ERI-L
Pretest Questions 3 4
4H Students
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Lectures 1-3 Available
www.geol.ucsb.edu/dlv/ Link to
Teaching Powerpoint
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Previous Lecture
Oceanography (How Science is Done) Origin and
Evolution of Earth Planet (Big Bang ? Big
Rock) Ocean (Early Atmos ? Water-outgassing)
Life (Miller Urey ? Microbes) Fate (Fiery
Death) Oceans NOT of this Earth
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Lecture 2 The Wonders of Water
Water occurs on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a
gas.
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Look For the Following Key Ideas

• Water is a polar chemical compound composed of
  two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).
• Heat and temperature are NOT the same thing.
• The thermal properties of water are
  responsible for the mild conditions on Earths
  surface.
• Water density is greatly affected by
  temperature (and salinity).
• The chemical and physical properties of water
  make it ideal to support life.

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Overview

• The Water Molecule
• chemistry and properties
• Heat
• phases of matter, transitions, problems
• Global Implications
• temperature and global glaciations
• Properties of Water

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The Water Molecule!
What are atoms, elements and compounds? Compound
s substances that contain two or more different
elements in fixed proportions Element a
substance composed of identical particles that
cannot be chemically broken down into simpler
substances Atoms the particles that make up
elements
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The Water Molecule
A water molecule is composed of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom. Water is a polar
molecule, having a positive and a negative side.
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The Water Molecule
What holds water molecules together?
Hydrogen bonds form when the positive end of one
water molecule bonds to the negative end of
another water molecule.
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The Water Molecule
What are two important properties of water
molecules? Cohesion - the ability of water
molecules to stick to each other, creating
surface tension. Adhesion the tendency of
water molecules to stick to other substances
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Water And Heat
What is the difference between heat and
temperature? Heat is energy produced by the
random vibrations of atoms or molecules
(cal). Temperature is an objects response to
input or removal of heat (oC).
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Water And Heat
Heat Capacity is a measure of the heat required
to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by
1?C. Water has a very high heat capacity, which
means it resists changing temperature when heat
is added or removed.
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Water And Heat
Note the high heat capacity of water.
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How much heat (i.e, how many
calories) is needed to raise the temperature of
my coffee (250 g) from 21oC to 100oC?
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How much heat (i.e., how many
calories) are needed to raise the temperature of
my coffee (250 g) from 21oC to 100oC?
What we need to know How much Coffee? Heat
Capacity of Coffee? Temperature Change?
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How many calories are needed to
raise the temperature of my coffee (250 g) from
21oC to 100oC?
What we need to know How much Coffee? 250
g Heat Capacity of Coffee? 1 cal/g/oC Temperature
Change? 100oC 21oC 79oC
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How many calories are needed to
raise the temperature of my coffee (250 g) from
21oC to 100oC?
What we know How much Coffee? 250 g Heat
Capacity of Coffee? 1 cal/g/oC Temperature
Change? 100oC 21oC 79oC
250 g 1 cal/g/oC 79oC
heat mass heat cap. temp change
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How many calories are needed to
raise the temperature of my coffee (250 g) from
21oC to 100oC?
What we know How much Coffee? 250 g Heat
Capacity of Coffee? 1 cal/g/oC Temperature
Change? 100oC 21oC 79oC
250 g 1 cal/g/oC 79oC
heat mass heat cap. temp change
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How many calories are needed to
raise the temperature of my coffee (250 g) from
21oC to 100oC?
What we know How much Coffee? 250 g Heat
Capacity of Coffee? 1 cal/g/oC Temperature
Change? 100oC 21oC 79oC
250 g 1 cal/g/oC 79oC 19,750 cal
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How many calories are needed to
raise the temperature of my coffee (250 g) from
21oC to 100oC?
What we know How much Coffee? 250 g Heat
Capacity of Coffee? 1 cal/g/oC Temperature
Change? 100oC 21oC 79oC
250 g 1 cal/g/oC 79oC 19,750 cal
FYI
1000 calories 1 kilocalorie 1 Cal
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
My Coffee has become cold since the beginning of
the lecture. How many calories are needed to
raise the temperature of my coffee (250 g) from
21oC to 100oC?
What we know How much Coffee? 250 g Heat
Capacity of Coffee? 1 cal/g/oC Temperature
Change? 100oC 21oC 79oC
250 g 1 cal/g/oC 59oC 19,750 cal
FYI
Something like this will be on the Final
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Water Temperature And Density
The relationship of density to temperature for
pure water.
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The Three States of Matter
Arrangement of water molecules in an ice crystal.
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The Three States of Matter
The three common states of matter
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Evaporating Water
For water to evaporate, heat must be added to
water in the liquid state. An input of 540
cal/gram is required to break the hydrogen bonds
and allow evaporation. The amount of energy
required to break the bonds is termed the latent
heat of vaporization. Water has the highest
latent heat of vaporization of any known
substance.
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Mathematically (This course does fulfill the
quantitative relationships requirement)
You will be expected to understand the complex
relationship between heat, phase, and
temperature, especially for water.
Furthermore, you will be expected to solve
complex questions based on this relationship.
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Mathematically
I place my coffee (from previous problem) in the
microwave when I return all the water has
evaporated, leaving only residue. How much heat
did this process take?
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Mathematically
I place my coffee (from previous problem) in the
microwave to reheat when I return all the water
has evaporated, leaving only residue. How much
heat did this process take?
What we need to know How much Coffee? Latent
Heat of Vaporization? Temperature?
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Mathematically
How much heat is required to vaporize the cup of
coffee from the previous problem?
What we need to know How much Coffee? 250
g Latent Heat of Vaporization? 540
cal/g Temperature? 100oC
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Mathematically
How much heat is required to vaporize the cup of
coffee from the previous problem?
What we need to know How much Coffee? 250
g Latent Heat of Vaporization? 540
cal/g Temperature? 100oC
250 g 540 cal/g
heat mass latent heat of vaporization
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Mathematically
How much heat is required to vaporize the cup of
coffee from the previous problem?
What we need to know How much Coffee? 250
g Latent Heat of Vaporization? 540
cal/g Temperature? 100oC
250 g 540 cal/g 135,000 cal
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Mathematically
How much heat is required to vaporize the cup of
coffee from the previous problem?
What we need to know How much Coffee? 250
g Latent Heat of Vaporization? 540
cal/g Temperature? 100oC
250 g 540 cal/g 135,000 cal
FYI
Something like this will be on the Final
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The Three States of Matter
The energy input or output associated with water
in the three states of matter.
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Global Thermostatic Effects
Thermostatic properties those properties of
water that act to moderate changes in
temperature Thermostatic inertia - the tendency
of a substance to resist change in temperature
with the gain or loss of heat energy
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Thermostatic inertia
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Global Glaciations
Ocean
Ocean
Density of ice less than liquid water
Density of ice greater than liquid water
Oceans Freeze Over
Oceans Freeze Solid
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Properties of Water
Property 3 phases Greater than other common
liquids 1)Temp, 2)Salinity, 3)Pressure.
4oC! Highest of common liquids Highest of common
liquids
Remarks Physical state Dissolving ability Density
. Surface tension Heat conduction
Importance to Ocean Heat transfer to
Atmos. Chem/Phs/Bio importance Vertical
circulation, heat distribution,
stratification Rain/cloud formation cell
physiology Small scale, cellular level
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Properties of Water
Property Highest of common liquids and
solids Higher than other common liquids and
solids Highest of common substances (540cal/g) ?
with salinity ? with temperature
Remarks Heat capacity . Latent heat of fusion
(80cal/g) . Latent heat of
vaporization Refractive index
Importance to Ocean Great heat moderator
. Heat regulation .
.
Heat regulation, weather and climate
control Objects appear closer than in air
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Properties of Water
Property Good for visible light poor IR/UV Good
compared with other fluids Only Slight
. Unusually high
Remarks Transparency . Sound transmission
. Compressibility .
Boiling/melting points
Importance to Ocean Important for photosynthesis
. Sonar/animals
.
Little density change with pressure/depth Allows
liquid water on most of Earth
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Review

• The Water Molecule
• chemistry and properties
• Heat
• phases of matter, transitions, problems
• Global Implications
• temperature and global glaciations
• Properties of Water

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Next Lecture pages 170-178

• Water as a Solvent
• Dissolving power
• Salinity
• Definition, components, determination
• Steady State
• Salts, residence time, problems

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The unique thermal properties of water are
responsible for the mild conditions on Earth.
Waters thermostatic effects allow living things
to flourish on Earth.