CE 431 Water Supply Engineering

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CE 431 Water Supply Engineering

• Julie WeiOffice 9-267Phone (909)
  869-4633

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Supplement Packets

• At Student Copy Center
• Supplements ( Wei)
• Project Assignment, Supplement Notes
• Water Quality, Basic Chemistry Review ( Wells)
• Lab Manual ( Wells)

3
Introduction

• Beneficial Water Uses
• Water Resources
• Water Quality
• Water Treatment
• Transmission/ Distribution

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Beneficial Water Uses

• Municipal Uses 7
• Agricultural Uses 81
• Industrial Uses 8
• Rural Uses 4

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Water Resources

• Snow Pack
• Surface Water small amount from San Gabriel
  Mountains.
• Imported water
• Groundwater

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Surface Water

• Watershed Management
• Lake /River /Reservoir
• Intake Structure
• Pump
• Treatment Facilities

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Imported Water

• Aqueduct
• Transmission Pipeline
• Treatment Facilities

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Groundwater

• Basin Management
• Natural and artificial recharge
• Quality Control
• Wells

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Cal Poly Projects

• Sponsored by Main San Gabriel Basin Watermaster
• 1998-99 Sediment Management in San Gabriel
  Reservoirs
• 1999-2000 Manning Spreading Basin
• 2000-2001 Sediment Management Plan

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San Gabriel River
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Effects on River and Water Quality
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Manning Spreading Basin

• Irwindale-- Home of Rock Mining
• Abandoned Gravel pits
• Convert into Groundwater recharge facility.
• Benefits Collect storm water ( as opposed to
  300/AF import) and add amenity to neighborhood.
• Challenges Slope Stability, Analysis of
  Hydrological Data, Estimating Percolation Rate,
  Water Quality, Multiple Uses.

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Water Quality Issues(Professor Wells Handout)

• Physical
• Chemical
• Microbiological
• Others

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Physical

• Temperature
• Taste Odors
• Turbidity Solids
• Color

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Temperature

• Cool water tastes better
• Temperature affects rate of chemical and
  microbiological reactions

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Taste Odor

• Organics, inorganics, bacteria or algae
• Threshold Odor Number (TON)
• The highest dilution that is still detectable

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Turbidity

• Measurement of colloids and fine suspended solids
• NTU ( Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)/ FTU
• Unsightly
• Interfere with disinfection process

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Solids

• Dissolved solids and sometimes suspended solids
• mg/l
• Salty

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Color

• Apparent color--dissolved solids and colloids
• True color--dissolved solids
• Color Unit ( cobalt standard)
• Groundwater
• unsightly
• staining

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Chemical

• General Parameters
• Nontoxic Inorganics
• Toxic Inorganics
• Nontoxic orgnanics
• Toxic Organics

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General parameters

• pH
• Acidity Alkalinity
• Hardness
• Dissolved oxygen

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pH

• affects chemical and biological reactions
• Low pH is corrosive
• High pH cause deposits

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Acidity

• Buffer capacity to neutralize alkalines
• Mineral acids from leaching or industrial waste
  discharges
• Carbonic Acid
• Measured by titrating against NaOH and expressed
  as mg/l CaCO3

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Alkalinity

• Buffer capacity to neutralize acids
• Bicarbonate ( HCO3-), Carbonate( CO3), Hydroxide
  ( OH-)
• Measured by titrating against H2SO4 and expressed
  as mg/l CaCO3

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Alkalinity Test

• Phenolphthalein Alkalinity measures buffer
  capacity above pH 8.3
• Methyl Orange Alkalinity measures total buffer
  capacity all the way down to pH 4.3

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Alkalinity Species

• Result OH- CO3 HCO3-
• P0 0 0
  T
• PltT/2 0 2P
  T-2P
• PT/2 0 2P
  0
• PgtT/2 2P-T 2(T-P) 0
• PT T 0
  0

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Hardness

• Divalent metal ions Ca, Mg
• Form scales and hard water deposits
• Measured as mg/l as CaCO3
• May be removed by chemical precipitation or ion
  exchange

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Dissolved Oxygen

• High DO may cause corrosion
• Low DO may indicate contamination
• mg/l DO

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Non-toxic inorganic elements and radicals

• Cl- --high chloride may indicate contamination
• NH3 --high ammonia may indicate contamination
• Ca, Mg
• SO4 --high sulfate is laxative

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Toxic inorganic elements and radicals

• Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead--
  accumulates in body
• Industrial wastes and plumbing
• Lead and Copper Rule
• Nitrate--Blue baby
• Perchlorate ( ClO4-) --Thyroid disorder, cancer

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Cal Poly Pomona Research Projects ( MSGWM)

• 1996-97 Nitrate Removal
• 1997-98 Perchlorate Study

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Nontoxic organics

• NOC ( Natural organic matter)Decayed vegetation
  etc
• Form toxic disinfection by-products with chlorine
• Lower concentrations up to 4 mg/l may be removed
  by Enhanced Coagulation. Otherwise expensive
  process such as GAC may be required.

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Cal Poly Pomona Research ( Metro Water District)

• 1993-94 Coagulation using poly-aluminum
  salts
• 1994-95 Enhanced coagulation using iron
  salts Coagulation is
  normally for colloid removal.
• Enhanced coagulation is to remove TOC.

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Toxic organics

• Causing cancer, mutation or miscarriage
• chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Chlorophenoxy herbicides
• Trihalomethanes
• VOCs and SOCs.

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Microbiological

• Bacteria( coliform test)
• Virus
• Protozoa
• Algae

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Bacteria

• Pathogenic bacteria causing cholera, typhoid
  fever etc
• Indicator bacteria
• Coliform-- soil origin
• Fecal Coliform( E. Coli) --fecal origin

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Virus

• One virus can cause illness
• Hard to detect
• Specify treatment process ( disinfection dose and
  contact time) instead of measuring virus
  concentration

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Protozoa

• Giadia
• contamination from animal excretes
• causing prolonged diarrhea
• Crypto-sporidium
• Impractical to measure concentration
• Specify filtration followed by disinfection for
  all surface water( Surface Water Rule)

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Algae

• Taste and odor
• Some algae cold be harmful to animals
• fish
• birds

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Other Contaminants

• Asbestos
• Radionuclides
• Alpha and Beta radioactivity
• Uranium, Radium, Radon

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Drinking Water Standards

• Primary Drinking Water Standards( Health
  Concerns)
• Secondary Drinking Water Standards( Aesthetics)
• MCL ( Maximum Contamination Levels)
• EPA/ CA Health Department/ Water Industry /
  Public ( Reg-Neg)

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Primary Drinking Water Standards

• Text Section 2.4.2 Table 2.4.2-4.Supplement
  Packet.
• Fluoride Rule
• Phase I VOC
• Total Coliform rule and surface water treatment
  rule
• Phase II Inorganics
• Phase II Organics

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Primary Drinking Water Standards( Contd 1)

• Lead and copper rule
• Phase V Inorganics
• Phase V Organics
• Radionuclides DBP (Interim Proposed)
• Sulfate and arsenic (Interim Proposed)

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Primary Drinking Water Standards( Contd 2)

• Maximum residual disinfectant level( MRDL)
• chlorine, chloramine, and chlorine dioxide.
• Information Collection RuleMonitoring pathogens
  and DBPs.

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Secondary Drinking Water Standards

• See Table 2.4.2-5
• Add Aluminum ( 0.05-0.2 mg/l) and silver (0.1
  mg/l)

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American Water Works Association

• Drinking Water Standards Update
• www.awwa.org/govtaff/advisor/
• AWWA journal

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Regulations

• Better the technology, more contaminants are
  found at lower and lower concentration
• More public awareness
• More and more contaminants are being regulated to
  lower and lower MCL
• More challenges in Water Treatment

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Water Treatment Processes

• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological

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Physical Processes

• Sedimentation
• Filtration
• Membrane RO, Ultra-filtration, Micro-filtration
  
• Adsorption GAC, Powder AC
• Electrodialysis, Distillation, Aerogel

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Chemical Processes

• Coagulation/Flocculation
• Chemical precipitation
• Chlorination
• UV
• Ozonation
• AOP

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Biological Process

• Not normally used in Water Treatment
• Biological filter
• Fluidized bed biological reactor
• Bioden, Autotrophic sulfur process, Daisy wheel
  in-situ system

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Selection of Processes

• Raw water quality
• Finish water quality
• Technical feasibility
• Economic feasibility

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Transmission Distribution

• Hydraulics
• Pipe Routing Layout
• Specifications

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Objectives of this course

• Broad understanding of water supply engineering
• Up-to-date on water quality issues
• Capable of process selection and design
• Design Project
• Good communication skills
• Student presenting design project

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• Lets start working!