Quiz

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Quiz 1

• The hole in the ozone layer is now known to be
  caused by CFCs used in ______
• The Beijing Protocol was signed in 2001 to
  regulate CFC emissions in the atmosphere T____
  F______
• HCFC-22 contributes to both global warming and
  thinning of ozone and is now heavily used by the
  ________to make __________

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The Rise of Industrial Society

• Harnessing new energy sources, linking modern
  society to carbon and steam (and eventually
  global warming).
• James Watt and the invention of the steam
  engine-1769.
• Late 18th century, first concerns about smoke
  nuisance

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Making Taller Chimneys Throw the Stuff Higher in
the Air!

• .to convey the noxious gases to such a height
  that they shall be so intermingled with the
  atmosphere as not to be injurious to health
  1855.
• 1846- 1853 more than 100 new tall chimneys a
  year in London. Hell is a city much like
  London-a populous and smoky city
• Charles Dickens Hard Times (1854) a river that
  ran purple with ill-smelling dye

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Widespread Industrial Pollution

• The waters of the river Calder could be used as
  grey ink in the 1860s.
• In the same decade children routinely amused
  themselves by setting fire to the waters of the
  Bradford Canal.
• In 1936, the waters of the Trent were lethal to
  all animal and plant life for a stretch of 130
  miles.

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The Rise of Oil

• For centuries a black fluid bubbled to the
  surface. Skimmed off by Native Americans for
  medicines, dyes, and weatherproofing teepees.
• 1824-salt drillers in Kentucky run out of town
  because they hit oil and made a foul mess.
• Rising expense and demand for whale oil.
• 1859-Oil City, PA Theyve struck oil.a liquid
  fossil fuel millions of years in creation. More
  ancient carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

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John D. Rockefeller and the Rise of Standard Oil

• Belgian Inventor in 1860 developed first
  internal combustion engine-Etiene Lenoir.
• Otto Daimler and Karl Benz, German inventors,
  by 1889 developed new versions for automobiles.
• Internal combustion engine became single largest
  factor in making petroleum the most important
  energy source in the world.
• made John D. Rockefeller the first billionaire.

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Automobiles Solving One Problem (Horse Manure)
and Creating Another (Global Warming)

• Street sweepers praised the automobile for making
  their job easier less manure to pick up and
  cart, fewer stables and manure pits, and not as
  many animal carcasses to dispose of.

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Forcing the Market Eliminate Public Transportaton

• General Motors, Standard Oil of California,
  Firestone Tire and Rubber joined forces to buy up
  rail and trolley lines in cities across the
  countries and then tear up the tracks.
• At the same time, public funds were used to build
  freeways because now everyone had to have a car

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Suburbunization of America made possible by the
car

• Huge expansion of suburbia after World War II
• Made it necessary for everyone to have TWO cars

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Automobiles, the Environment and Global Warming
Environmental impacts start with mineral
extraction and the production of the raw
materials that go into the parts of a car. For
example, iron ore gets turned into steel, which
now accounts for most of the mass in vehicles.
But steel can be recycled, and on average,
today's automobiles are about 75 percent
recyclable, and using recycled steel helps reduce
energy use and pollution
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Other automobile components

• Other metal components, such as aluminum (used in
  some engine parts and wheels, for example) and
  copper (used for wiring) are also largely
  recycled.
• The lead and acid in batteries are poisonous and
  dangerous. But batteries can be recycled, if they
  are returned to a service station, a parts store,
  or brought to a municipal hazardous waste
  facility.
• Plastics, which are mostly made from petroleum,
  are more difficult to recycle.
• Some degree of pollution is associated with all
  of these components, much of it due to the energy
  consumption, air pollution, and releases of toxic
  substances that occur when automobiles are
  manufactured and distributed.

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In 2002 there were 590 million cars in the world.
That is one for every ten people. There are 140
million cars in the United States and 55 million
in Japan. This contrasts with just nine million
cars in China and 6 million in India.
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15 of the worlds people own 76 of the worlds
cars.
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Designing our way out of the problem

• You know you are in a stagnant industry when the
  big product innovation of the past decade is more
  cup holders Hunter et al. 1999

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The Modern Car The Efficiency Problem

• The Problem
• At least 80 of the fuel consumed is lost through
  exhaust and engine heat.
• 95 of the energy used to move the car, 95 moves
  the car, 5 moves the driver.
• Thus, 1 of the energy consumed moves the driver.

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• The vehicle is about 20x heavier than the driver,
  and the engine about 10x larger than is required
  for most driving.
• The large engine is required to accelerate the
  heavy vehicle

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The Hyper Car Amory Lovins Concept

• the problem is the use of steel Steel is a
  splendid material if weight is an unimportant or
  advantageous factor, but in a car, weight is
  neither
• Carbon fiber composites (carbon, Kevlar, glass,
  and other fibers) can cut weight by half or a
  third.
• Steamlining make the underside as smooth as the
  top.
• .

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• Doubled-efficiency tires already on the market.
• Can cut by half or more the power needed to move
  car and passengers.
• Cuts the weight of a Ford Taurus from 3,140 lbs
  to 1,300 lbs

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• Reduces the need for other components based on
  weight.
• Indy 500 cars are currently made of carbon fiber
  composites, and can withstand crashes with less
  injury.
• Currently expensive but more investment would
  bring the price down, already used in other
  industries, like boats
• Replace the current complex mechanical systems
  with solid state electronics and software.
• An immediate benefit would be that the twenty or
  so most frequent mechanical causes of breakdowns
  would no longer be components of the car at all

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• Big automakers start with two major
  disadvantages 1) they are big and 2) they are
  automakers
• Hypercars will more resemble computers with
  wheels than cars with chips.