Chapter 1 Part 2

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Chapter 1 Part 2

• Research methods

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Scientific Methods

• Scientific methods unify the discipline of
  psychology
• A basic goal in science is _____________________
• An approach to information that involves
• challenging assumptions
• __________________________
• a reliance on _________________
• a careful scrutiny of the methods used to derive
  evidence

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The Science of Psychology The Scientific Method
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Main Goals in Research

• ______________a phenomenon.
• Make _________________ about the phenomenon.
• ________________ the phenomenon to ask specific
  questions about it.
• _________________the phenomenon.

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The Research Process

• The first step is to develop a _________________.
• An organized set of principles that describes,
  predicts, and explains some phenomenon.
• The second step is to form a __________________.
• A specific testable prediction, often derived
  from a theory that provides ______________________
  ________.
• An operational definition defines a research
  variable in terms of the procedures needed to
  control and measure it.

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The Research Process
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The Science of Psychology Research Methods

• Four key research methods
• ____________________
• Correlational
• ___________________
• Biological

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Research Settings

• _______________________
• Regulated environment
• Participants can be carefully observed.
• _____________________
• Conducted in real-world locations.

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsDescriptive Research

• 1. _____________
• Research observes and records behavior without
  producing causal explanations

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsDescriptive Research

• Three types of descriptive research
• Naturalistic Observation
• __________________
• Case Study

Art of Prediction
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Naturalistic ObservationWatching Behavior

• Features
• Observe behavior in the environment in which it
  typically occurs
• Strengths
• Provides uncontaminated (?) descriptive data
  about behavior
• Pitfalls
• __________________________
• ____________________________

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Case Studies Taking a Closer Look

• Features
• Intensive examination of a specific person or
  situation
• Strengths
• Provides detailed descriptive analysis of new,
  complex, or rare phenomena
• Pitfalls
• May not provide ____________________ picture of
  phenomena

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Psychological Measurements

• ______________________
• Method of observation
• Asks people to describe thoughts, feelings,
  behavior
• ______________________
• Firsthand observation of participants behaviors
• _______________________
• Based on past records

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsCorrelational Research

• 2. Correlational Research scientific study in
  which the researcher observes or measures
  (without directly manipulating) two or more
  variables to find _________________ between them

Art of Prediction
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Research Designs

• _______________________
• A statistical measure of how closely two
  variables are associated/related.
• A correlation can range from -1.0 to 1.0.
• 1.0 (or -1.0) is a __________________________

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Correlational Studies Looking For Relationships

• Features
• __________________________________
• Strengths
• Test predictions, evaluate theories, suggest new
  hypotheses
• Pitfalls
• Cannot confirm causal relationships

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsCorrelational Research

• _______________Correlation two variables move
  (or vary) in the same directioneither up or down

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsCorrelational Research

• ______________Correlation two variables move
  (or vary) in the opposite directioneither up or
  down

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsCorrelational Research

• _________________ no relationship between two
  variables (when one variable increases, the other
  can increase, decrease, or stay the same)

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsCorrelational Research

• Can you see why correlation can never show cause
  and effect?

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The Science of Psychology Four MajorResearch
Methods (Continued)

• 3. _______________________ carefully controlled
  scientific procedure that manipulates variables
  to determine cause and effect

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Experiments

• A research method in which the investigator
  varies some factors, keeps others constant, and
  measures the effects on __________________________
  _____.

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Experiments Exploring Cause and Effect

• Features
• Manipulation of an ________________ to see its
  effects on a ____________________.
• Strengths
• Can establish a cause-effect relationship
• Pitfalls
• _______________________

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Experiments

• ______________________
• Any variable that the researcher manipulates in
  an experiment.
• The proposed _____________________ in the
  dependent variable.
• ________________________
• A variable that is being measured in an
  experiment.
• Proposed to be affected by the independent
  variable.

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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsExperiment
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The Science of Psychology Research
MethodsBiological Research

• 4. Biological Research scientific study of the
  brain and other parts of the nervous system

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The Science of Psychology Four Key Research
Methods
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Selecting Human Participants for Research

• To whom can the results be generalized?
• Importance of sampling
• How can one select a representative sample?
• Random vs. biased samples
• Convenience samples

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Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists

• Do psychologists deceive people when they do
  research?

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Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists

• All research guided by ethical standards
• Applies to both human and animal research
• Role of the Institutional Review Board
  (____________)
• APAs Ethical Principles of Psychologists and
  Code of Conduct.

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The Science of Psychology Ethical Guidelines

• Human research participants need
• _____________________
• Voluntary participation
• Restricted use of deception
• __________________
• ______________________
• Alternative activities

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Ethics

• Informed Consent
• The ethical requirement that prospective
  participants receive enough information to decide
  freely whether to participate in a study
• ________________________________, and one must be
  free to withdraw at any time.

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Ethics Considerations in Human Research

• ______________________
• A research procedure used to mislead participants
  about the true purpose of the study
• If deception is used, debriefing is necessary.

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The Science of Psychology Ethical Guidelines
(Continued)

• Advocates believe nonhuman research offers
  significant scientific benefits. Opponents
  question these benefits and suggest nonhuman
  animals cannot give _________________________
• Psychologists must maintain high standards for
  both human and nonhuman animal research.

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Ethics Considerations in Animal Research

• Animal Welfare
• ______________________________ and humane
  treatment are universally supported.
• Allegations of mistreatment in laboratories are
  rarely supported by facts.
• Animal Rights
• There is _________________ over whether animals
  have similar rights as humans.