Advanced Lighting Controls Design

1
Advanced Lighting Controls Design

• Sunday May 28, 2006 200- 500

2006

• Joseph M. (Jody) Good, III, LC, IESNA, IALD, LEED
  TM- AP
• Spectrum Engineers, Inc.
• Salt Lake City, UT

2
Why Control Lighting?

• 1.User program requirements
• 2.Legal Code requirements

3
Why Control Lighting?

• Facility owner may require or desire lighting
  controls for room functionality or energy rebates

4
Why Control Lighting?

• Obvious Examples
• Switch or dimmed lighting in Meeting
  Rooms, Classrooms,
• Dimmed lighting in AV, training, and presentation
  rooms
• Dimmed lighting in Video Teleconference rooms and
  Auditoriums

5
Why Control Lighting?

• Energy Codes-
• Control Requirements, Interior
• ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 2004
• IECC

6
Mandatory Control Requirements

• AUTOMATIC LIGHTING SHUTOFF
• All buildings gt 5000 sq ft shall have an
  Automatic Control Device to shut off building
  lighting in all spaces.
• a. Time of day
• b. Occupancy sensor
• c. Signal from another systems sensor

7
Mandatory Control Requirements

• SPACE CONTROL
• All spaces with ceiling height partitions shall
  have at least one control device to independently
  control the general lighting in the space.
• (IECC- Uniform Lighting Reduction Controls
  Required, with exceptions.)

8
Mandatory Control Requirements

• Manual control shall be able to
• See the lighting ( or with pilot light) or remote
  for safety then clearly labeled

9
Mandatory Control Requirements

• Automatic control (30 minutes) after all
  occupants leave the space except spaces with
  Multi-scene Controllers in
• Classrooms (some exceptions)
• Conference Meeting rooms
• Employee Lunch and Break rooms

10
Mandatory Control Requirements

• All other spaces
• Each control device shall be manually or
  automatically by sensing the occupants.
• For spaces up to 10,000 sq ft- 1 per 2500 sq ft
  max, over 10,000 sq ft, 1 per 10,000 sq ft max.
• Capable of overriding time of day scheduled
  shutoff for no more than 4 hours. (IECC 2 Hours)

11
Mandatory Control Requirements

• Summary
• Time of day shutoff required in all spaces gt
  5,000 sq ft.
• Large spaces require sub-divisions to
  automatically control or override.

12
Mandatory Control Requirements

• BIG EXCEPTION
• Multi-scene Controllers in
• Classrooms (some exceptions)
• Conference Meeting rooms
• Employee Lunch and Break rooms
• Multi Scene controllers are NOT REQUIRED to be to
  be connected to other automatic lighting shutoff
  controls.

13
Controls for Exterior Lighting

• All non-exempt outdoor lighting must be
  controlled.
• Astronomic clock or photocell.

14
Additional controls

• Display/ Accent/ Case/ Permanent Task lights,
  others.
• Master Switch for Hotel Guestrooms

15
GREEN OWNER

• LEED tm Minimum Energy Code Controls
• (Energy
  Atmosphere Prerequisite 2)
• Enhanced Personal Lighting Controls
  
• (Indoor
  Environmental Quality Credit 6.1)
• Reduced Energy (Energy
  Atmosphere Credit 1)
• Basic Commissioning
• (Energy
  Atmosphere Prerequisite 1)
• Additional Commissioning
• (Energy
  Atmosphere Prerequisite 3)

16
GETTING IT

• Does it HAVE TO be controlled?
• CONTROL TYPE
• Switched
• Dimmed
• CONTROL METHOD
• Manual
• Automatic
• Time, Occupancy, Photocel, etc.
• LARGE or SMALL SCALE

17
Passive Lighting Controls

• How to control lighting?
• PASSIVE - Local Autonomous Systems
• Occupancy Sensors
• Auto on and auto off
• OR Manual on auto off
• Self Adjusting Delays and Sensitivity
• Single or Dual Tech (PIR, Ultrasonic acoustic)
• Photo receptive feature

18
Passive Lighting Controls

• Relay Systems
• Time of Day Control
• Dusk Dawn Shift Feature
• Photo receptive feature
• Local Override
• Key or Pushbutton Stations
• Sentinel Switch
• Distributed Loadcenters Network Topology

19
ACTIVE Lighting Control

• Occupant Intervention
• Switch
• Manual Dimmer
• Manual on / Auto off Occupancy Sensor
• Preset Selection for Dimmers
• Might be BMS or Time of Day / Photocel Controlled

20
Hybrid or Combination Systems

• Photocel on/ clock off
• Complex Occupancy sensor situations
• Multi Head
• Multi Relay
• (Emergency loads)
• Dual Technology Sensors
• Any tech on / hold / off
• Better Both Tech on (or manual on) / any tech
  hold on / both tech off

21
Occupancy Sensors and Daylight Controls

• Occupants prefer a occupancy sensor with photocel
  be set to use photocel to decide lights on when
  daylight present as lights are turned on when
  room becomes occupied
• Avoid turning lights off on occupants

22
Example Specifications

• Shall use microprocessor for motion signal
  analysis and internal, adaptive self-adjustment.
• No manual adjustment shall be required at the
  time of installation or during operation.
• Shall save learned and adjusted settings in
  non-volatile memory that retains all settings
  during power outages.

23
Example Specifications

• Shall recognize motion detected within 20 seconds
  of turning off lighting as a false off. In
  response to a false off, the microprocessor shall
  increase the time-off setting.
• Maximum adapted time-out shall not exceed 30
  minutes.
• Walk through feature shall shut off lights within
  2.5 minutes after momentary occupancy.

24
Example Specifications

• Shall beep before load is automatically switched
  off.
• Shall have a 3-position service switch off,
  auto, and on.
• Four, selectable manual timer settings shall be
  available from 30sec to 20min.
• Available for wall or ceiling sensors

25
ROOM LAYOUT

• Bill of Materials
• Ceiling Dual Tech Sensor
• 277 Power Pack
• (PS and Relay)
• 4 Emergency Transfer Devices

26
ROOM LAYOUT

• Bill of Materials
• Ceiling Dual Tech Sensor
• 277 Power Pack
• (PS and Relay)
• 120 Power Pack
• 4 Emergency Transfer Devices

27
ROOM LAYOUT
Sensor Relays Switches and Dimmers
28
ROOM LAYOUT

• Sensor Location
• Sense Room Occupants
• Avoid False Triggering
• Use Door to provide shield
• Require Manufacturer to submit placement diagrams
  using their own sensitivity patterns

29
LIGHTING RELAYS

• Large Scale Control
• Flexible Control
• Time of Day
• Local Control
• Local Override

30
LIGHTING RELAYS

• Large Scale Control
• Flexible Control
• Time of Day
• Local Control
• Local Override
• Network Multiple Panels Together

31
LIGHTING RELAYS

• Small Scale Control
• Flexible Control
• Time of Day
• Local Control
• Local Override
• Network Multiple Panels Together

32
LIGHTING RELAYS

• Digital or Analog Switches or Stations

33
LIGHTING RELAYS

• Building Wide Solutions to Switching Problems

34
Building Management Systems

• Often we have to interface with BMS Building
  Management Systems.
• Here is a primer of the terms and technology used
  in this business.

35
Building Management Systems

• BMS Language
• Points
• AI Analog Input
• AO Analog Output
• BI or DI Binary / Digital Input
• BO or DO Binary / Digital Output

36
Building Management Systems

• Analog Input can be variable voltage, current, or
  resistance signal.
• Analog Output can be variable voltage or current.

37
Building Management Systems

• Binary or Digital I or O think
• dry contact.
• Dimming ballast on a BMS required 2 points for
  output
• 1 BI for switching the power on / off
• 1 AO to provide the 1-10 volts.

38
Building Management Systems

• These are generated by a circuit on the serial
  signal node or gateway.
• Manufacturer specific hardware and software in a
  control system, to access BMS addressing and
  address to control properties of each node.

39
Building Management Systems
BacNet on Ethernet or Ethernet
Router/Gateway
BacNet Node
BacNet Node
DDC Controller
DDC Controller
Monitored and Controlled Load Devices
DDC Controller
BacNet or LonWorks
40
Building Management Systems
Router/Gateway
DDC Controller
DDC Controller
Monitored and Controlled Load Devices
DDC Controller
LonWorks
41
Building Management Systems
BacNet on Ethernet or Ethernet
Router/Gateway
BacNet Node
BacNet Node
DDC Controller
Interface
BacNet or LonWorks
42
Building Management Systems
Networks LonWorks Proprietary, incremental
license fee per device, RS485 2
conductor, half duplex. Mostly more expensive,
but can be competitive. BacNet-
Open standard, sponsored by ASHRAE., RS485 or
Ethernet. Speed is lt 10 system
cycles per second. There are others, ( ie N2,
CBus, Modbus,) but these 2 are the majority of
the systems,
43
Dimming For Function
Control Zones 1- Whiteboard 2- Downlights 3-
Pendants 4-Side Wall Slot 5- Rear Wall
Wash
44
DM-C OPTION 1
Various Loads, Including Power Amplifiers, if
Required DMC-1 DMC-2 DMC-4
DMC-5 DMC-3
Line voltage in, 120 or 277 volts
45
DM-C OPTION 1With Emergency Bypass
Various Loads, Including Power Amplifiers, if
Required DMC-1 DMC-2 DMC-4
DMC-5 DMC-3/EM
Line voltage in, 120 or 277 volts
46
DM-C OPTION 2 Networked
Wall Box Dimmers
Preset Station
Line voltage in, 120 or 277 volts
Preset Data
47
DM-C OPTION 3 Wall Box
System
Preset Station
Line voltage in 120
Preset Data
48
CLASSROOM
Control Zones 1- Whiteboard 2- Downlights 3-
Pendants 4-Side Wall Slot 5- Rear Wall
Wash
49
Possible Interface Requirements

• Bac NET / Lon Works / BMS
• Audio/Video Controls, (AMX Crestron)
• Direct Access- i.e. Lutron,
• Interface- Input, output, status feedback,
  Bi-directional, Serial Data
• RS 232- EIA/TIA Standard, 50 ft. limitation
• RS 485- EIA/ TIA IEEE Standard, 4,000 ft,
  limitation, 2 or 4 wire, 32 taps
• Dry Contacts

50
Dimmer and Load Types

• Characteristics of Load determines technical
  capability of dimmer
• Incandescent Resistive, simple loads.
  Construction can enhance noise transmission or
  suppression. Tungsten Halogen types of
  Incandescent are generally less noisy. They
  require a period of high temperature operation to
  maintain the tungsten cycle.

51
Dimmer and Load Types

• Magnetic Low Voltage- Generally sees load
  connected to transformer, almost complete dimming
  range. DC a danger.
• Neon Very similar to Magnetic LV, often with low
  end cutoff
• Electronic LV- Very Different, often called
  Capacitive load. Needs firm zero crossing
  (Start of dimming cycle) for power converter
  synchronization.

52
Dimmer and Load Types

• Fluorescent -electronic dimming ballasts, 2 or 3
  wire control line voltage phase control. Or 4
  wire 2 wires for switched power and 2 for 0-10
  volt control signal.
• Emergency in General Must turn on load despite
  dimmer setting. Easy with incandescent LV
  loads. Much harder with fluorescent loads. Prefer
  2 wire control schemes for this purpose.

53
Fluorescent Dimmers

• 3 Control Techniques

2 wire Phase Control and Neutral to 1 or more
Dimming Ballast Tuwire Mark 10 Known
Brands 3 wire Phase Control Switched Power and
Neutral to 1 or more Dimming
Ballast 4 wire Switched power and Neutral with
additional 2 low voltage 0-10 volt wired to 1
or More Dimming Ballasts Helios, Mark 7, Known
Brands
NOT INTERCHANGABLE WITH SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
54
Dimmer Technology

• (Forward) Phase Control, Triac, Dual SCRs
• Reverse Phase Control Dimmers Semiconductor
  must be able to turn off.
• FET, IGBT semiconductors
• Sine-wave Dimmers Semiconductors to turn on and
  turn off circuit and to shape the dimmer output
  to track the shape of the wave of the incoming
  power.

55
High Density Dimming Systems
56
Rack Consideration

• Fault Current Rating
• Size and Mounting
• Cooling
• Fans with Noise
• Convection may require cooler ambient temp

57
Dimmer Specifications - Racks

• DMX Isolation
• All DMX512 RS485 communication ports and remote
  contact input connections shall be optically
  isolated from all processor electronics by a
  minimum of 2,500V RMS isolation.
• Life Safety Code Panic (Also bridge to Building
  Fire Alarm System)
• The Rack Processor Housing shall have the
  provision to select any of a maximum of 192
  dimmer outputs to be activated by the PANIC
  function. The PANIC function shall be activated
  or de-activated by one or more local or remote
  contact closures.
• Dimmer and Processor Speed
• The dimmer control electronics shall have 16 bit
  (minimum) fade processing and a dimmer update
  rate better than 16 ms

58
Dimmer Specifications - Racks

• Line Regulation
• The dimmer output levels shall be regulated for
  incoming line voltage variations. The regulation
  shall adjust for both RMS voltage and frequency
  changes of the incoming AC wave form. Regulation
  shall maintain the desired output voltage /- .5V
  volt for the entire operation range (90 264
  VAC). The regulation shall compensate for
  variations of the AC waveform on a
  dimmer-by-dimmer basis.

59
Dimmer Specifications - Racks

• Output Filtering
• Basic Rise dimmers shall have a rise time of not
  less than 350 microseconds A measured at 90
  degrees conduction angle B from 10 to 90 of
  output wave form C with dimmer operating at
  maximum load D. Voltage rate of rise (slew rate)
  must not exceed 420 millivolts per microsecond in
  any point of the wave under full load conditions

60
Dimmer Specifications - Racks

• Output Filtering
• 2.5.3 Medium rise time dimmers shall have a rise
  time of not less than 500 microseconds
• 2.5.4 Hi-Rise dimmers shall have a rise time of
  not less than 800 microseconds

61
Filtering Criteria

• A Rise time- in microseconds, 350 minimum 800
  premium
• B Conduction Angle- 90 degree worst case
• C Percentage of waveform 10-90 conventional,
  10-95 or others is improving spec by increasing
  amount if waveform measured.
• D Load Theatrical manufacturers measure at full
  load, (rarely achieved), other amounts as stated.
  
• E. Slew Rate, some filters can take adequate
  overall time, but take too long to respond, for
  example, and result in noisy lamps.

62
Dimmer Specifications - Racks

• SINEWAVE Dimmers
• Dimmer output waveform shall be a fully
  symmetrical Sinewave at any output voltage
  setting eliminating all lamp noise and reducing
  reflected harmonics on the building power supply.
  Total Harmonic distortion shall be less than 1
  and efficiency shall be 98.

63
Dimmer Specifications - WBD

• SPEC From website information
• DIMMERS
• Manufacturer
• Electrical Specifications
• Input 120 VAC _at_ 60Hz, 277VAC _at_ 60Hz OK
• Line Voltage Regulation
• Where is specification???? These can have line
  regulation, but what is it?
• RFI Noise Suppression
• Sure, but what??? WBD have been measured (by me)
  at 110 ms, 10-90 90 degrees, full load. So
  De-buzzing coils (additional chokes) are sold
  for sensitive situations and loads.
• Maximum Load 120V incandescent 1500W
  stand-alone, OK

64
Rack Controls

• Variety of Standalone and Centralized Controls

65
Bag of Tricks

• Favorite Devices to Know About
• 277 volt LV Wall Box Dimmer
• Line voltage Power Booster
• 4 wire Fluorescent Dimming Ballast Interface
• Emergency Transfer Device
• Emergency Bypass Device
• Dual Technology Sensors
• Fluorescent Ballast Interfaces

66
Bag of Tricks

• Resettable Switch
• Dual Voltage Anything

67
Remember

• Today, Lighting Control is Mandatory in many
  cases
• Conceive the system by determining loads
  separately from control function
• Groups always work together, increase load,
  simplify programming
• Load types, ie Low voltage can affect your
  thinking

68
Thanks

• Lutron, Lightolier Controls, Leviton Controls,
  Strand Lighting, Bodine
• Sentry Switch
• Wattstopper, Sensor Switch,
• Whoever else I Forgot
• For Samples, Photos, and Website Illustrations.

69
Questions?

• Download at
• www.spectrumengineers.com/lighting
• Go Visit these manufacturers and others on the
  Show Floor.

70
Please remember to complete the surveys / course
evaluations.
2006

• Thank you!
• We hope you enjoy the trade show and conference!