OPERATING SYSTEMS Lecture Version

1
OPERATING SYSTEMSLecture Version

• START OF PART 1

2
OPERATING SYSTEMS
Learning Objectives

• To understand and learn about
• What an operating system (OS) is.
• The history of DOS and the beginning of
  Microsoft.
  
• 3. The development of Windows OS.
• 4. Overview of popular operating systems in use
  today.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS
I am an OS guru.
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OPERATING SYSTEMS
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• Operating Systems
• Programs that control the computer hardware.
• Interfaces with application software.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS
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• HISTORICAL and POPULAR OSs
• MS DOS
• Windows 3.11 with MS DOS
• Windows 95/98
• Windows NT, 2000, xP, Vista
• Unix
• HP/UX
• IBM/AIX
• Linux
• Apples System X (Ten)
• IBMs OS/390 (MVS)

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OPERATING SYSTEMSHistory of DOS and Microsoft
MS DOS
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LINUX

• MS DOS
• Microsoft Disk Operating System
• Last version by MS was 6.22
• Bill Gates purchased DOS from Seattle Computer
  Products
  
• for 50,000 in 1980.
• Supplied DOS to IBMstart of Gatess billions.
• IBM PC DOS 2000 version is still available.
• 57.00
• Requires Pentium II, 32 MB RAM, 2 GB disk
  storage
  
• Very stable OS for the control of devices on
  assembly lines, etc.

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OPERATING SYSTEMSHistory of DOS and Microsoft
The History of the  MS-DOS Operating Systems
Microsoft - Tim Paterson - Gary Kildall
By Mary Bellis "I don't think it's that sign
ificant." - Tandy president John Roach on IBM's
entry into the microcomputer field.
On August 12, 1981, IBM introduced its new revol
ution in a box, the "Personal Computer" complete
with a brand new operating system from Microsoft
and a 16-bit computer operating system called
MS-DOS 1.0.  
First IBM PC
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OPERATING SYSTEMSHistory of DOS and Microsoft
In 1980, IBM first approached Bill Gates and
Microsoft, to discuss the state of home computers
and Microsoft products. Gates gave IBM a few
ideas on what would make a great home computer,
among them to have BASIC written into the ROM
chip. Microsoft had already produced several
versions of BASIC for different computer system
beginning with the Altair, so Gates was more than
happy to write a version for IBM.
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Altair BASIC. Includes many features not normally
found in BASIC. These include Boolean operators,
the ability to read or write a byte from any I/O
port or memory location, multiple statements per
line, and the ability to interrupt program
execution and then continue after the examination
of variable values.
MITS Altair
MITS Altair
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OPERATING SYSTEMSHistory of DOS and Microsoft
As for an operating system (OS) for the new
computers, since Microsoft had never written an
operating system before, Gates had suggested that
IBM investigate an OS called CP/M (Control
Program for Microcomputers), written by Gary
Kildall of Digital Research. Kildall had his
Ph.D. in computers and had written the most
successful operating system of the time, selling
over 600,000 copies of CP/M, his OS set the
standard at that time.
Im rich and getting richer from my CP/M OS.
Gary Kildall
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OPERATING SYSTEMSHistory of DOS and Microsoft
IBM tried to contact Kildall for a meeting,
executives met with Mrs. Kildall who refused to
sign a non-disclosure agreement. IBM soon
returned to Bill Gates and gave Microsoft the
contract to write the new operating system, one
that would eventually wipe Kildall's CP/M out of
common use. The "Microsoft Disk Operating Syst
em" or MS-DOS was based on QDOS, the "Quick and
Dirty Operating System" written by Tim Paterson
of Seattle Computer Products, for their prototype
Intel 8086 based computer.
Someday I am going to shoot that woman.
Gary Kildall
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OPERATING SYSTEMSHistory of DOS and Microsoft
QDOS was based on Gary Kildall's CP/M, Paterson
had bought a CP/M manual and used it as the basis
to write his operating system in six weeks, QDOS
was different enough from CP/M to be considered
legal. Microsoft bought the rights to QDOS for
50,000, keeping the IBM deal a secret from
Seattle Computer Products.
I traded 50,000,000,000 for 50,000
Im a guy you can trust.
Tim Paterson
Bill Gates
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OPERATING SYSTEMSHistory of DOS and Microsoft
Gates then talked IBM into letting Microsoft
retain the rights, to market MS DOS separate from
the IBM PC project, Gates proceeded to make a
fortune from the licensing of MS-DOS.
In 1981, Tim Paterson quit Seattle Computer Prod
ucts and found employment at Microsoft.
MicroSoft Corporate Headquarters
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OPERATING SYSTEMS

• MS Windows 3.11 with DOS
• Uses a GUI (Graphical User Interface)
• GUI was first developed at Xerox, at its Palo
  Alto Research Center.
  
• Replaced by Windows 95/98
• Did not support multithreaded applications or
  multiprocessors.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS

• MS Windows 95/98
• Newly designed GUI.
• Has Win 3.11 and DOS within it.
• Lots of bugs
• Supports multitasking and multithreaded
  applications.
  
• Does not support Multiprocessors

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OPERATING SYSTEMS
Win NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Vista

• Win NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Vista
• Has GUI.
• Completely NEW no DOS or WIN 3.11
• Multitasking
• Multiprocessing
• Multiprocessors
• Two versions
• (1) Server
• (2) Workstation
• Very stable for NT 4.0 and 2000, not so for xP
  and Vista
  
• Has network operating system.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS
Videos on MicroSoft Vista
Vista Features Voice Recognition-2 - 11 min (Perl
)Voice Recognition-3 - 3 min (Demo)

Overview of Features-2 - 5 min
Mac OS X vs Vista OS Funny,Full screen ok.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQT6YO30GhmQ
Other Videos Managing Programs -26 min Keynote P
resentation 1hr 16 min

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OPERATING SYSTEMS
Mac OS X (Ten)

• Mac OS X (Ten)
• Has new GUI called Aqua
• Uses PowerPC G3 and G4 processors.
• Multitasking
• Multiprocessing
• Multiprocessors
• Very stable.
• Has network operating system.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS
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LINUX
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OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIX Linux

• UNIX Linux (LIN-nucks)
• Looks like UNIX, but code is different.
• Linix is a kernel controls hardware, manages
  files,
  
• separates processes.
• Has 15 distribution software packages.
• Redhat Linux is the best known.
• Created by Linus Torvalds at University of
  Helsinke
  
• Very stable
• Used on lots of Internet servers.
• More application software is needed much of it
  is free.
  
• Example Open Office http//www.openoffice.org/

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START OF PART 2
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INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES(SOFTWARE)

• OBJECTIVES
• To understand what software is.
• To understand what a translator is.
• To develop an understanding of generations
• of computer languages
• 1st generation languages
• 2nd generation languages
• 3rd generation languages
• 4th generation languages
• 5th generation languages

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SOFTWARE

• SOFTWARE DEFINITION
• Instructions to the computer using
• PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.

Just tell me what you want me to do.
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• GENERATIONS OF LANGUAGES
• First Generation
• Machine Language
• Second Generation
• Assembly Language
• Third Generation
• Cobol, BASIC, C. Java, ADA
• Fourth Generation
• SQL, etc.
• Fifth Generation
• Natural Language

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FIRST GENERATION
I love this stuff.
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1ST GL
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FIRST GENERATION

• MACHINE LANGUAGE
• Consists of binary zeros and ones
• 1100000100111100001101

I only understand one language, that is machine
language
111100101001010
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FIRST GENERATION
Heres how I add two numbers in binary.
ADD 2 13 00100101 00000010 00001101
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FIRST GENERATION
Heres how I subtract two numbers in binary.
SUBTRACT 2 13 00100111 00000010 00001101
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FIRST GENERATION
Thats right, I only understand binary zeros and
ones.

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FIRST GENERATION
I love binary, but programmers hate it.
11111000 11100010 10001111 10011101 10001111 0001
1111
10001010 11100011 00011110
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FIRST GENERATION
He needs AA
I need a TRANSLATOR.
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TRANSLATORS
TRANSLATORS make me happy.
MACHINE LANGUAGE
HUMAN LANGUAGE GROSS 40 6.00 OT 5 9.0
0
PAY GROSS OT PRINT PAY
11110000 11001100 10001111 10001101 10000111 0111
1011 10011110 10001110 10001100 10100100 1001110
1 10100010 10010101 01110101 11100011 11100110 1
0100101 01110000 11100101 10010101 10100101 1001
0101 10001010 10100100
TRANSLATOR
A program
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TRANSLATORS
1st GLs dont need TRANSLATORS, but I
could use another drink.
Machine Languages
1st GL 10001101 10000111 01111011 10011110 10001
110 10001100 10100100 10011101 10100010 10010101
01110101 11100011 11100110 10100101 01110000 11
100101 10010101 10100101 10010101 10001010 101001
00
Human Languages
2nd GL 3rd GL 4th GL 5th GL
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REVIEW QUESTION
Why dont 1st GLs have TRANSLATORS?
ANSWER
34
REVIEW QUESTION
Why dont 1st GLs have TRANSLATORS?
ANSWER
None needed because 1st GLs are
in the native language of the
computer.
35
SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGES
This stuff turns me on.
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2ndGL
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SECOND GENERATION
Its called Assembly Language
Its a little better than machine language.
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SECOND GENERATION
Heres an example

• AR 5, 3
• This means Add the contents of Register 5 to the
  contents of
  
• Register 3, and put the results in Register 5.

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SECOND GENERATION
Heres another example

• SR 5, 3
• This means Subtract the contents of Register 5
  from the
  
• contents of Register 3, and put the results in
  Register 5.

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SECOND GENERATION
Its translator is called an ASSEMBLER.
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SECOND GENERATION
Translators make me happy. Lets celebrate.

• ASSEMBLER (a program)
• 1-to-1 translation

Assembly
Machine Languages
AR 5, 3 SR 5, 3
1st GL 10001101 10000111 01111011 10010101 100
01010 10100100
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SECOND GENERATION
ASSEMBLY is what you call this second generation
language. ASSEMBLER is what you call the TRANSL
ATOR of this second generation language.
42
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Computers understand Assembly Language?
True or False
43
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Computers understand Assembly Language?
True or False
FALSE
44
REVIEW QUESTIONS
An assembly language translator is called
Answer
45
REVIEW QUESTIONS
An assembly language translator is called
Answer
an assembler.
46
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Each assembly language instruction gets
translated into how many machine language
instructions?
Answer
47
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Each assembly language instruction gets
translated into how many machine language
instructions?
Answer
One. There is a 1-to-1 translation.
48
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Machine language consists of binary 1s and 0s
only?
True or False
49
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Machine language consists of binary 1s and 0s
only?
True or False
True
50
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Assembly language is a 1st generation language?
True or False
51
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Assembly language is a 1st generation language?
True or False
False
52
REVIEW QUESTIONS
All generations of languages need translators?
True or False
53
REVIEW QUESTIONS
All generations of languages need translators?
True or False
False
54
REVIEW QUESTIONS
The guy next to me is a drunk?
True or False
55
REVIEW QUESTIONS
I have NEVER swallowed.
FALSE...
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THE END OF PART 2
57
SOFTWARE

• START OF PART 3

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THIRD GENERATION
This makes me salivate.
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3ST GL
59
THIRD GENERATION
3GLs make me want to celebrate.

• THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES
• Procedural
• Cobol
• BASIC
• C
• Pascal
• Fortran

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THIRD GENERATION
Cobol will never die. Long live Cobol.

• COBOL
• Procedural
• COmmon Business Oriented Language
• COBOL
• 3 Trillion lines of code in businesses
• Example
• MULTIPLY HOURS BY RATE GIVING GROSS-PAY
• ROUNDED.

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THIRD GENERATION
Example of Cobol code
All this code to add 15 lousy numbers.
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THIRD GENERATION
Example of Cobol code
All this code to add to add 15 lousy numbers.
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THIRD GENERATION
Example of Cobol code
All this code to add to add 15 lousy numbers.
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THIRD GENERATION
BASIC is no longer so basic.
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THIRD GENERATION
See how little programming code is required to
add 15 numbers using BASIC.
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THIRD GENERATION
One-too-many drinks.
A third generation TRANLATOR translates
a single 3GL statement into MANY statements in
machine language.
3GL STATEMENT PRINT TOTAL
MACHINE LANGUAGE 11010100 10011100 10110101 11
011010 10111010 11000001 10101010 10100101 111110
00
10101010 10100101 11111000
One
Many
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THIRD GENERATION
There are TWO types of TRANSLATORS for 3rd, 4th
and 5th GLs.
1. Interpreter 2. Compiler
3GL STATEMENT PRINT TOTAL
MACHINE LANGUAGE 11010100 10011100 10110101 11
011010 10111010 11000001 10101010 10100101 111110
00
10101010 10100101 11111000
One
Many
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THIRD GENERATION

• COMPILER
• Translates the entire program into machine
  language. Then, the machine language code
  can be executed later.

MACHINE LANGUAGE 11010100 10011100 10110101 1101
1010 10111010 11000001 10101010 10100101 11111000
11100001 01010010 10010100 10100010 10100100 10
101010 11000101 10101001 10101001 11010100 10011
100 10110101 11011010 10111010 11000001 10101010
10100101 11111000 11100001 01010010 10010100 10
100010 10100100 10101010 11000101 10101001 101010
01
3GL STATEMENTS FOR I 1 TO 15 READ X TOTAL
TOTAL X
NEXT I PRINT TOTAL
Many
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THIRD GENERATION

• INTERPETER
• Translates a single 3GL statement into machine
  language, then executes that machine language
  code. Then the interpreter takes the next 3GL
  statement, translates it into machine code, and
  executes it, etc.

MACHINE LANGUAGE 11010100 10011100 10110101 1101
1010 10111010 11000001 10101010 10100101 11111000
11100001 01010010 10010100 10100010 10100100 10
101010 11000101 10101001 10101001 11010100 10011
100 10110101 11011010 10111010 11000001 10101010
10100101 11111000 11100001 01010010 10010100 10
100010 10100100 10101010 11000101 10101001 101010
01
3GL STATEMENTS FOR I 1 TO 15 READ X TOTAL
TOTAL X
NEXT I PRINT TOTAL
Many
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
This stuff really BORES me.
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4th GL
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
This SQL code will list the names of all persons
making more than 45,000.

• FOURTH GENERATION
• Nonprocedural
• English-like
• SQL, FOCUS, QBE
• Example of SQL (Structured Query Language)
• SELECT NAMES
• FROM PAYROLL
• WHERE SALARY 45000

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
4GLs are just too easy to be fun.

• FOURTH GENERATION
• Nonprocedural
• English-like
• Translation
• ONE to MANY, MANY, MANY
• Compilers Interpreters
• End-users can develop their own systems.
• Fast development time.

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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
Using a 4GL we can finish the system many times
faster. We can also use rapid prototyping.

Visual Basic Demo
74
FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
This stuff is so easy that it is going to put me
out of a job.
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5th GL
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FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
If we use a 5th GL, we can develop the system by
just telling the computer what we want and the
programs will be developed automatically. Also,
we can query the database with natural language.
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FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
Just talk to me as if I were a human.
Give us the total shoe sale by Mr. Simmons for
last July.
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FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
Just talk to me as if I were a human.

• FIFTH GENERATION
• Nonprocedural
• Everyday English
• Translation
• ONE to MANY, MANY, MANY, MANY, MANY, MANY
• Compilers Interpreters
• End-users can develop their own systems.
• Fast development time.

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OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGES

• Object Oriented Programming called OOPs.
• An OBJECT is anything you can name as a NOUN.
• Examples
• Brick, window, door, checking account, savings
  account,
  
• loan account, car sales, payroll, book, nerd,
  monitor, etc.
  
• An OBJECT contains PROCEDURES and DATA so that
• it can operate on itself. An object called
  brick contains
  
• the procedures and data to draw a brick. So
  that when the
  
• object brick is called in a program, the brick
  object draws a
  
• brick on the computer screen.

I think I am in love!
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OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGES

• CHARACTERISTICS OF OOP LANGUAGES
• REUSABLE CODE is the GOAL.
• ENCAPSULATION
• An object contains both procedures and data.
• POLYMORPHISM
• The SAME message will elicit a different
  response depending on the receiver of the
  message.
  
• (Receiver) (Same Message)
• SavingsAccount.computeInterest()
• LoanAccount.computeInterest()
• INHERITANCE
• An object can inherit characteristics
• from other objects.

I am a NERD object.
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OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGES

• EXAMPLE OF OOPs IN GRAPHICS
• Chimney OBJECT
• ENCAPSULALATION Chimney objects contains the
• code procedures and data for drawing
  chimneys
  
• on the monitor.
• POLYMORPHISM Allows for constructing several
• different styles of chimneys.
• INHERITANCE The chimney objects inherent
• brick and stone objects, etc.

Chimney OBJECT

• Popular OOP Languages
• Java, C, Smalltalk, Cobol (OOP version)
• Visual Basic.net (Visual Basic Ver. 7)

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GENERATION LANGUAGES
Source Code and Object Code
2nd GL 3rd GL 4th GL 5th GL
SOURCE CODE
OBJECT CODE
1st GL
82
REVIEW QUESTION
Cobol is a 3rd GL?
T/F
83
REVIEW QUESTION
Cobol is a 3rd GL?
T/F
True
84
REVIEW QUESTION
What is the relationship between a statement in a
3rd GL and the amount of machine code produced?
ANSWER
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REVIEW QUESTION
What is the relationship between a statement in a
3rd GL and the amount of machine code produced?
ANSWER
One to many.
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REVIEW QUESTION
For what does COBOL stand?
ANSWER
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REVIEW QUESTION
For what does COBOL stand?
ANSWER
COmmon Business Oriented Language
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REVIEW QUESTION
Which TRANSLATOR translates all the programming
statements into machine language, before the
program can be run?
ANSWER
89
REVIEW QUESTION
Which TRANSLATOR translates all the programming
statements into machine language, before the
program can be run?
ANSWER
Compiler
90
REVIEW QUESTION
Which TRANSLATOR translates one programming
statement at a time into machine language then
executes that machine language statement?
ANSWER
91
REVIEW QUESTION
Which TRANSLATOR translates one programming
statement at a time into machine language then
executes that machine language statement?
ANSWER
Interpreter
92
REVIEW QUESTION
SQL (Structured Query Language) is what level
language?
ANSWER
93
REVIEW QUESTION
SQL (Structured Query Language) is what level
language?
ANSWER
4th GL
94
REVIEW QUESTION
4th GLs are procedural?
True/False
95
REVIEW QUESTION
4th GLs are procedural?
True/False
False
96
REVIEW QUESTION
What generation language allows the user to talk
in everyday English?
Answer
97
REVIEW QUESTION
What generation language allows the user to talk
in everyday English?
Answer
5th GL
98
REVIEW QUESTIONS
The guy next to me is a nerd?
True or False
99
REVIEW QUESTIONS
TRUEbut how could you tell?
100
TECHNICAL TERMS
Terms make me breathe fast and salivate.
NERD
TERMS
101
TECHNICAL TERMS
Multiprocessing
102
TECHNICAL TERMS
Multiprocessing Two or more CPUs

• EFFECTIVE MULTIPROCESSING REQUIRES
• Windows 2000, Windows xP, Vista
• Unix, Linux
• Multithreaded software and/or multiple
  applications
  
• running at once.
• SMP (Symmetrical MultiProcessing)

103
TECHNICAL TERMS
Multithreaded Applications
Any of the 9 PARTS can be sent to any of the two
processors, if the processor is not busy.
104
TECHNICAL TERMS
Multithreaded Applications
Any of the 5 PARTS can be sent to any of the two
processors, if the processor is not busy.
105
TECHNICAL TERMS
Single-threaded Applications
Each application will be assigned to one of the
processors.
106
TECHNICAL TERMS
Single-threaded Applications
The single application will be assigned to one of
the processors, while the other one sleeps.
107
REVIEW QUESTION
Under what conditions could a second CPU slow
down your system?
Answer
108
REVIEW QUESTION
Under what conditions could a second CPU slow
down your system?
Answer

• When running one, single-threaded
• application.
• The additional OS overhead in order to
• coordinate two processors could cause
• a 5-10 percent performance loss.
• Remember, one processor is idle.

109
TECHNICAL TERMS
PROGRAMS
Multitasking
This stuff turn me on.

• Multitasking
• Running two or more programs (tasks)
• at once.
• Refers to a single user.

110
TECHNICAL TERMS
Multiprogramming
MANY PROGRAMS
User-4
User-3
User-5
User-2
User-5
User-1
WOW!

• Multiprogramming
• Running two or more programs (tasks)
• at once.
• Refers to two or more users
• timesharing a single computer.

111
TECHNICAL TERMS
Virtual Storage

• VIRTUAL STORAGE Hard disk used to extend
  memory.
  
• Program too big to fit in free DDR-SDRAM.
• 100 500 MB of HD space is often reserved for
  VIRTUAL STORAGE.
  
• For programs larger than amount of free memory.
• 64 MBs of DDR-SDRAM may only have 32 MB free to
  run a
  
• 128 MB program. The program is taken off the
  disk, 32MB at
  
• a time, and transferred to DDR-SDRAM and then
  to the CPU for
  
• execution.

60 GB
64 MB RAM 32 MB free
128 MB Program on disk
112
TECHNICAL TERMS
COMPUTER BUG
113
REVIEW QUESTION
A single-threaded application can only be run on
one processor?
True/False
114
REVIEW QUESTION
A single-threaded application can only be run on
one processor?
True/False
True
115
REVIEW QUESTION
Multiprogramming requires two or more users at
one time?
True/False
116
REVIEW QUESTION
Multiprogramming requires two or more users at
one time?
True/False
True
117
REVIEW QUESTION

• Virtual storage is located
• on the hard drive.
• on DDR2 RAM.

Answer
118
REVIEW QUESTION

• Virtual storage is located
• on the hard drive.
• on DDR2.

Answer
a. on the hard drive.
119
REVIEW QUESTION
Historically a bug is moth?
True/False
120
REVIEW QUESTION
Historically a bug is a moth which caused the
computer to malfunction?
True/False
True
121
THE END OF PART 3