HCI Frameworks

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HCI Frameworks

• Paradigms too

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Agenda

• Discuss videos
• Frameworks and paradigms in HCI
• Course Project
• Team formation help

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Videos of the Future

• What did you think?
• What will really occur?

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Human Role

• How is human viewed in HCI
• What is human role?
• Different roles engender different frameworks

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Roles

• 1. Human Sensory processor
• Experimental psych, sensory psych
• 2. Human Interpreter/Predicter
• Cognitive psych, AI
• 3. Human actor in environment
• Activity theory, ethnography, ecol psych

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What Makes a System Usable

• 1. Human Sensory processor
• Usability Fit within human limits
• 2. Human Interpreter/Predicter
• Usability Fit with knowledge
• 3. Human actor in environment
• Usability Fit with task and social context

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Evaluation Techniques

• 1. Human Sensory processor
• Quantitative experiments
• 2. Human Interpreter/Predicter
• Task analysis, cognitive walkthrough
• 3. Human actor in environment
• Ethnographic field work, participatory design

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Two Views of Interaction

• Interaction with
• Software system is a tool or machine
• Interface is a usability-engineered membrane
• Human-as-processor -interpreter models
• Interaction through
• Software is a medium used to interact with task
  objects or other people
• Interface plays a role in social context
• Human-as-interpreter -actor models

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Cognitive Frameworks

• Model-Human Processor (Card, Moran Newell)
• Situated action (Suchman)
• Activity theory (Vygotsky, Nardi)
• Distributed cognition (Hutchins)

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Paradigms

• Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific
  world views
• e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian
  (relativistic) paradigms in physics
• Not all coming on next slides are really
  paradigm shifts, but you get the idea

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Paradigm Shifts

• Cards,tape -gt VDU
• Mainframe -gt PC
• Glass tty -gt WIMP interface
• Commands -gt Direct manipulation
• Direct manipulation -gt Agents

• Visual -gt Multimedia
• Linear -gt Web-like
• Desktop -gt Ubiquitous, Mobile
• Single user -gt CSCW
• Purposeful use -gt Situated use

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Video Display Units

• More suitable medium than paper
• Sutherlands Sketchpad as landmark system
• Computers used for visualizing and manipulating
  data

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Personal Computing

• System is more powerful if its easier to use
• Small, powerful machines dedicated to individual
• Importance of networks and time-sharing
• Kays Dynabook, IBM PC

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WIMP

• Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers
• Can do several things simulataneously
• Familiar GUI interface
• Xerox Alto, Star early Apples

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Metaphor

• All use is problem-solving or learning to some
  extent
• Relating computing to real-world activity is
  effective learning mechanism
• File management on office desktop
• Financial analysis as spreadsheets

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Direct Manipulation

• 82 Shneiderman describes appeal of
  graphically-based interaction
• object visibility
• incremental action and rapid feedback
• reversibility encourages exploration
• replace language with action
• syntactic correctness of all actions
• WYSIWYG, Apple Mac

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Language (Agents)

• Actions do not always speak louder than words
• Interface as mediator or agent
• Language paradigm

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Multimodality

• Mode is a human communciation channel
• Not just the senses, e.g., speech and non-speech
  audio are two modes
• Emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels
  for I/O

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Hypertext

• Think of information not as linear flow but as
  interconnected nodes
• Bushs MEMEX, Nelsons hypertext
• Non-linear browsing structure
• WWW 93

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CSCW

• Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
• No longer single user/single system
• Micro-social aspects are crucial
• E-mail as prominent success but other groupware
  still not widely used

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Ubiquity

• Person is no longer user of virtual device but
  occupant of virtual, computationally-rich
  environment
• Can no longer neglect macro-social aspects
• Late 90s - PDAs, VEs, ...

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Project Help

• Team formation
• Introductions, looking for free agents...

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Upcoming

• Usability Principles
• Normans DOET
• Human capabilities