Development:

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Development
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Development

• Developmental psychology
• the branch of psychology that studies the
  patterns of growth and change occurring
  throughout life

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Nature and Nurture The Enduring Developmental
Issue

• Environment
• the influence of experience to which a child is
  exposed
• Heredity
• those influences based on genetic makeup of an
  individual that affect growth and development
  throughout life
• Nature-Nurture Issue
• the issue of the degree to which environment and
  heredity influence behavior

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Specific Research Strategies

• Cross-sectional research
• people of different ages are compared at the same
  point in time
• Longitudinal research
• investigates behavior as subjects age
• Cross-sequential research
• examine different age groups over several points
  in time

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The Start of Life Conception and Beyond

• The Basics of genetics
• Chromosomes
• contain the basic hereditary information
• Genes
• the parts of the chromosomes through which
  genetic information is transmitted
• DNA

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The Earliest Stages of Development

• Germinal Period
• Zygote
• the new cell formed by the product of
  fertilization
• Embryonic Period
• Embryo
• a developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and
  other organs

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The Earliest Stages of Development

• Critical Period
• the first of several stages in prenatal
  development in which specific kinds of growth
  must occur if the individual is to develop
  normally
• Fetal Period
• fetus
• a developing child, from eight weeks after
  conception until birth

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The Earliest Stages of Development

• Age of Viability
• the point at which the fetus can survive if born
  prematurely

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Genetic Influences on the Fetus

• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• cannot produce a required enzyme
• Sickle-cell anemia
• abnormal shape of red blood cells
• Tay-Sachs disease
• bodys inability to break down fat
• Downs Syndrome
• extra chromosome

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Prenatal Environmental Influences

• Mothers nutrition and emotional state
• Illness of mother
• Mothers use of drugs
• Birth complications

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Physical and Social Development

• Neonate
• Reflexes
• unlearned, involuntary response that occur
  automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
• rooting reflex
• sucking reflex
• gag reflex
• startle reflex
• Babinski reflex

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Growth After Birth
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Development of Social Behavior

• Attachment
• the positive emotional bond that develops between
  a child and a particular individual
• Measuring attachment
• the Ainsworth strange situation
• The fathers role

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Parenting Styles and Social Development

• Authoritarian parents
• are rigid and punitive and value unquestioned
  obedience from their children
• Permissive parents
• give their children lax or inconsistent direction
  and, although warm, require little of them
• Authoritative parents
• are firm, set clear limits, reason with their
  children, and explain thinks to them

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Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development

• Psychosocial development
• development of individuals interactions and
  understanding of each other and of their
  knowledge and understanding of themselves as
  members of society

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Adolescence Becoming an Adult

• Adolescence
• the developmental stage between childhood and
  adulthood
• Puberty
• the period at which maturation of the sexual
  organs occurs, begins at about age 11 or 12 for
  girls and 13 or 14 for boys

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Moral and Cognitive Development

• Kohlbergs theory of moral development
• Preconventional morality
• rewards and punishments
• Conventional morality
• moral problems as members of a society
• Post conventional morality
• moral principle broader that any particular
  society

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Moral and Cognitive Development

• Moral Development in Women
• Gillians Stages of Moral Development
• Stage 1
• orientation toward individual survival
• Stage 2
• goodness as self-sacrifice
• Stage 3
• morality of nonviolence

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Adolescent Suicide
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Early and Middle-Adulthood

• The peak of health - 18 to 25
• Quantitative changes after 25
• Menopause
• the point at which women stop menstruating and
  are no longer fertile

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Social Development

• Midlife transition
• beginning around the age of 40, a period during
  which we come to the realization that life is
  finite
• Midlife crisis
• the realization that we have not accomplished in
  life what we had hoped to, leading to negative
  feelings

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Marriage, Children, and Divorce

• 60 percent of all first marriages end in divorce
• In 1990, 28 percent of all family households had
  one parent, compared with 13 percent in 1970
• racial and ethnic groups have been particularly
  hard-hit by divorce

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Marriage, Children, and Divorce
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The Later Years of Life
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The Later Years of Life

• Physical changes in late adulthood
• Genetic preprogramming theories of aging
• theories that suggest there is a built-in time
  limit to the reproduction of human cells, and
  that after a certain time they are no longer able
  to divide

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The Later Years of Life

• Physical changes in late adulthood
• Wear-and-tear theories of aging
• theories that suggest that the mechanical
  functions of the body simply stop working
  efficiently
• waste by-products of energy production eventually
  accumulate, and mistakes are made when cells
  reporoduce

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The Later Years of Life

• Cognitive changes
• slower reaction time versus declining
  intelligence
• effects of physical health and motivation on
  intelligence
• declining fluid intelligence
• improving crystallized intelligence

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The Later Years of Life
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The Later Years of Life

• Memory changes in old age
• episodic memory versus semantic and implicit
  memory
• senility
• a broad, imprecise term typically applied to
  older adults who experience progressive
  deterioration of mental abilities
• Alzheimers disease

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The Social World of Late Adulthood

• Disengagement theory of aging
• aging is a gradual withdrawal from the world on
  physical, psychological, and social levels
• Activity theory of aging
• the elderly who are most successful are those who
  maintain the interests and activities they had
  during middle age

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Adjusting to Death

• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• Acceptance

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Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development

• Trust-versus-mistrust stage
• birth to 18 months
• Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
• ages 18 months to 3 years
• Initiative-versus-guilt stage
• ages 3 to 6 years
• Industry-versus-inferiority stage
• ages 6 to 12 years

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Cognitive Development

• Cognitive development
• the process by which a childs understanding of
  the world changes as a function of age and
  experience

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Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor stage Birth to 2 years
• child has little competence in representing the
  environment using images, language, or other
  symbols
• Object permanence
• the awareness that objects- and people- continue
  to exist even if they are out of sight

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Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

• Preoperational Stage 2 to 7 years
• language development
• egocentric thought
• child views the world entirely from his or her
  own perspective
• principle of conservation
• the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the
  arrangement and physical appearance of objects

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Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

• Concrete operational stage 7 to 12 years
• logical thought and a loss of egocentrism
• Formal operational stage 12 years to adulthood
• abstract thought

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Information-Processing Approaches

• Information-processing
• the way in which people take in, use, and store
  information
• Metacognition
• an awareness and understanding of ones own
  cognitive processes

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Vygotskys View of Cognitive Development

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• the level at which a child can almost, but not
  fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her
  own