Sound

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Sound
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Sound

• Sound - A wave which is created by vibrating
  objects and transmitted through a medium from one
  location to another.

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Compression and Expansion
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Pitch

• Frequency number of cycles per second as
  expressed in the unit Hertz.
• Hertz A unit expressing the frequency of sound
  waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per
  second.

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Pitch

• The greater the number of cycles per second, the
  higher the pitch.
• Womens voices usually have a higher pitch than
  mens.
• Pitch is based on perception.

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Loudness

• Amplitude height
• The higher the amplitude of a wave, the louder
  the sound.
• Decibel A unit expressing the loudness of a
  sound. Abbreviated dB.

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Highest Frequency? Loudest? Highest Amplitude?
Highest Pitch?
A.
B.
C.
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The Ear
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The Outer Ear

• Shape helps to collect sound waves.
• A tube leads inward to the ear drum.

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The Middle Ear

• Separated from the outer ear by the eardrum
• The hammer, anvil, and stirrup bones amplify the
  movement of the eardrum produced by sound waves.

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The Inner Ear

• Sound waves picked up by the cochlear.
• Hairs on the cochlear sense the vibration and
  pass the message interpreted into electrical
  impulses onto the brain via the cochlear nerve.

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How Does Sound Move Through the Ear?

• http//www.oticon.com/eprise/main/Oticon/com/SEC_A
  boutHearing/LearnAboutHearing/Products/SEC_OtiKids
  /Kids/AboutHearing/CNT10_HowDoesTheEarWork20

Video Clip Gateways to the Mind
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3 Types of Deafness

• Conduction Deafness loss of conduction of the
  sound through the middle ear.
• Sensory-Neural Deafness result from damage to
  hair cells on the auditory nerve.
• Stimulation Deafness result from exposure to
  sounds that are excessively loud.

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Conduction Deafness

• Caused by the failure of the three tiny bones
  inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves
  to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to
  vibrate in response to sound waves
• Possible cause is a build-up of fluid
• Hearing aids
• Normal hearing may return.

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Sensory-Neural Deafness

• Damage to the inner ear. Most often caused by
  loss of hair cells that will not regenerate.
• Damage to the auditory nerve.
• Cochlear implants can help patients with this
  form of deafness.

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Stimulation Deafness

• Exposure to very loud sounds
• Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation
  loss.
• Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been
  damaged

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Smell
The two chemical senses
Taste
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The nose knows!
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Smell

• Odor The characteristic of a substance that
  makes it perceptible to the sense of smell.
• Odors detected by sites on receptor neurons in
  the olfactory membrane.
• Receptor neurons fire when molecules of substance
  contact them.
• Firing transmits information about odors to the
  brain via the olfactory nerve.

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Seven Basic Odors

• Camphoraceous
• Smell depends on shape of odor molecules
• Example of a camphoraceous odor is mothballs

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Seven Basic Odors

• 2. Ethereal
• Example is cleaning products

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Seven Basic Odors

• 3. Floral
• Example is flowers

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Seven Basic Odors

• Minty
• Example is gum

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Seven Basic Odors

• Musky
• Example is mens cologne

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Seven Basic Odors

• Pungent
• Example is vinegar

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Seven Basic Odors

• Putrid
• Example is rotten eggs

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Articles Fragrances Enhance Emotion,
Chemistry et. al.
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Sensations are created by chemical reactions on
your taste buds
Taste is heavily influenced by smell this is
called sensory interaction
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What's going on?

• TASTE QUALITIES
• (taste is a bunch of B Ss!)
• Bitter
• Sour
• Salty
• Sweet

• FLAVOR DEPENDS ON
• Temperature
• Odor
• Texture
• Taste
• (I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)

http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?story
Id1813416 Study Tastes Form in Infancy
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• SKIN SENSES
• Vision is usually the most dominant of the
  senses
• Touch
• Pressure
• Warmth
• Cold
• Pain

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Touch and Pressure

• Sensory receptors located around the roots of
  hair cells fire when surface of skin is touched.
• There are at least 6 basic types of touch
  receptors in your skin.
• One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and
  fine touch.

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TOUCH PRESSURE Two-Point Threshold to assess
sensitivity to pressure The least distance by
which two rods touching the skin must be
separated before the subject will report that
there are two rods, not one, on 50 of
occasions Most sensitive fingertips, lips,
noses and cheeks 1. nerve endings are more
densely packed in the fingertips and face
than in other locations 2. a greater amount of
sensory cortex is devoted to the
perception of sensations in the fingertips and
face
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• TEMPERATURE
• When skin temperature increases, receptors for
  warmth fire.
• Decreases in skin temperature cause receptors for
  cold to fire.
• Warm Cold receptors they adapt and sometimes
  they fire simultaneously

PAIN Pain is a signal that something is wrong
with the body NO KIDDING! Originates at the
point of contact Release of various chemicals
prostaglandins, bradykinin, P Inflammation
attracts infection-fighting blood cells
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GATE THEORY pain messengers cant get
through ENDORPHINS Bodies natural pain killers
(Chapter 2 page 47) ACUPUNCTURE ancient
procedures/releasing endorphins PLACEBO bogus
treatment

• PAIN MANAGEMENT
• Accurate Information
• Distraction Fantasy
• Hypnosis
• Relaxation Training
• Coping with Irrational Beliefs

http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?story
Id4865324 Diminishing Pain by Distraction
http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?story
Id4865321 Using Video Games to Manage Pain
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KINESTHESIS The sense that informs us about the
positions and motion of parts of our
bodies VESTIBULAR SENSE The sense of
equilibrium that informs us about our bodies
positions relative to gravity