Training

1
Personal Protective Equipment
2
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
3
OBJECTIVES

• Highlight OSHA PPE Standards (Subpart I)
• Occupational Noise Exposure
• Respiratory Protection
• Written PPE Program Elements
• PPE Selection and Limitations
• Training Tips
• Complete a Hazard Assessment

4
What percentage of disabling work-related
injuries will involve the head, eyes, hands or
feet?

• A. 10
• B. 25
• C. 5

5
Why Must Employers Provide PPE?

• OSHA requires certain PPE based on the hazards
  employees are exposed to.
• OSHA also requires training for employees in the
  proper selection, use, and maintenance of PPE.

6
Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards

• OSHA regulations require employers to protect
  their employees from workplace hazards such as
  machines, work procedures, and hazardous
  substances that can cause injury.
• Employers must institute all feasible engineering
  and work practice controls to eliminate and
  reduce hazards before using PPE to protect
  against hazards.

7
Engineering Controls
If . . . You can physically change the machine or
work environment to prevent employee exposure to
the potential hazard, Then . . . You have
eliminated the hazard with an engineering control.
8
Engineering Controls

• Examples
• Initial design specifications
• Ventilation
• Substitution with less harmful material
• Enclosure of process
• Isolation of process
• Change of process

9
Work Practice Controls
If . . . You can remove your employees from
exposure to the potential hazard by changing the
way they do their jobs, Then . . . You have
eliminated the hazard with a work practice
control.
10
Work Practice Controls

• Examples . . .
• Job Rotation of Workers
• Wet Methods
• Personal Hygiene
• Housekeeping and Maintenance

11
Establishing a PPE Program

• A written PPE program sets out procedures for
  selecting, providing and using PPE as part of an
  employers routine operation.
• The first essential step is to assess the
  workplace to determine if hazards are present, or
  are likely to be present, which necessitate the
  use of PPE.
• Once the proper PPE has been selected, the
  employer must provide training to each employee
  who is required to use PPE

12
PPE Assessment 1910.132 (d)

• Assess the nature and degree of the workplace
  hazards.
• Select PPE and require use.
• Communicate selection decisions.
• PPE should properly fit employees.

13
Written Certification

• Documentation must include
• workplace identification
• person conducting the certification
• date(s) of hazard assessment
• document shall be identified as a certificate of
  hazard assessment

14
Training

• Apply to all employees that wear PPE
• Conditions when PPE is required
• Selection criteria
• How to properly wear PPE
• Limitations of PPE
• Proper care, maintenance and useful life of PPE
• Demonstrate that they understand the training

15
Training Contd

• Re-train when changes in workplace occurs
• Re-train when there are changes in the type of
  PPE
• Re-train when the employee has inadequacies in
  knowledge and use of PPE
• Certification of training
• name of employee
• date of training

16
Examples of PPE

• Eye - safety glasses, goggles
• Face - face shields
• Head - hard hats
• Feet - safety shoes
• Hands and arms gloves
• Bodies vests
• Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs

17
True or False?

• Wearing PPE, even if improperly is better than
  not wearing it at all.

18
Limitations of PPE

• First use engineering controls and workplace
  controls then, use PPE
• The protection is only as good as the PPE
  selected PPE must be appropriate for job task
  and hazard
• PPE may interfere with other PPE or work
  operations
• PPE must be properly worn
• PPE must be maintained and stored properly
• PPE must be inspected

19
Eye Protection1910.133
20
Causes of Eye Injuries

• Dust and other flying particles, such as metal
  shavings or wool fibers
• Molten metal that might splash
• Acids and other caustic liquid chemicals that
  might splash
• Blood and other potentially infectious body
  fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter
• Intense light such as that created by welding and
  lasers

21
Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection

• Must protect against specific hazard(s)
  encountered by employees
• Must be comfortable to wear
• Must not restrict vision or movement
• Must be durable and easy to clean and disinfect

22
Criteria for Selecting Eye Protection

• Must not interfere with the function of other
  required PPE
• Must meet the requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1989 for
  devices purchased after July 5, 1994, and ANSI
  Z87.1-1968 for devices purchased before that date

23
Eye Protection for Employees with Eyeglasses

• Eyeglasses designed for ordinary wear do not
  provide the required protection against workplace
  hazards.
• Proper choices include
• Prescription spectacles with side shields and
  protective lenses meeting requirements of ANSI
  Z87.1 that also correct the employees vision

24
Eye Protection for Employees with Eyeglasses

• Proper choices include
• Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses
  mounted behind protective lenses
• Goggles that can fit comfortably over corrective
  eyeglasses without disturbing their alignment

25
Eye Protection

• Eye protection comes in different types
• Goggles are designed for solid or liquid hazards
  that are airborne and in a quantity that there is
  a greater likelihood of contact with or near the
  eye.
• Safety eyeglasses with protective side shields
  are designed for eye protection when the hazard
  is more casual by nature and the hazard(s) is of
  low quantity and likelihood.

26
Eye Protection

• Eyes may need protection from hazards other than
  those that include a physical contact with the
  eye. For example, UV light can cause permanent
  damage to vision

27
Eye/Face Protection

• For more severe hazards, full face protection is
  needed
• Heavy grinding and heavy spraying/splashing.
• The full face shield should not only protect the
  eyes, but the entire facial area as well.
• The face shield affords extra protection against
  hazards involving temperature extremes or
  hazardous chemicals.
• Due to the wide opening on the sides and bottom
  of the face shield, protective eyewear must be
  worn along with the face shield.

28
Question
Can more than one employee wear the same set of
protective eyewear?
29
Question
Are you required to disinfect the eyewear between
uses by different employees?
30
Everyone who has suffered an eye injury
A. Thought it would never happen to them. B.
Would wear eye protection if they had it to do
over again.
31
Safety Spectacles

• Made with metal/plastic safety frames
• Most workplace operations require side shields
• Used for moderate impact from particles produced
  by such jobs as carpentry, woodworking, grinding,
  and scaling
• What are tips for proper care?

32
Goggles

• Protect eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area
  immediately surrounding the eyes from impact,
  dust, and splashes
• Some goggles fit over corrective lenses
• What are tips for proper care?

33
Face Shields

• Protect face from nuisance dusts and potential
  splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids
• Does not protect employees from impact hazards
• What are tips for proper care?

34
Welding Shields

• Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or
  intense radiant light, and protect face and eyes
  from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips
  produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and
  cutting.
• What are tips for proper care?

35
Laser Safety Goggles

• Provide a range of protection against the intense
  concentrations of light produced by lasers.
• What are tips for proper care?

36
Hazard Assessment

• In a machine shop, a milling operation produces
  large quantities of metal chips that fly all over
  the surrounding work areas. How should the owner
  best protect the workers?

37
Head Protection1910.135
38
Causes of Head Injuries

• Falling objects from above
• Bumping the head against fixed objects, such as
  exposed pipes or beams
• Contact with exposed electrical conductors

39
Head Protection

• Hard hats are necessary to protect workers
  against falling objects and overhead hazards in
  general.
• Some hard hats are designed to protect only
  against bumps (low overhead hazards), while
  others afford protection against falling objects.
  
• Hard hats should be designed to reduce electrical
  shock when there is a potential for contact with
  anything electrical conductors.

40
Head Protection

• Hard hats must conform with the requirements of
  ANSI Z89.1-1986. Check the label on the hat for
  compliance with this standard.
• What are tips for proper care?

41
Types of Head Protection

• Which class of hard hat types will protect you
  from
• electric shock as well as falling objects?
• Class A
• B. Class B
• C. Class C
• D. Class A and B

42
Types of Head Protection
Class A Helmets For impact, penetration, and
electrical protection from low-voltage conductors
(tested to 2,200 volts). Class B Helmets For
impact, penetration, and electrical protection
from high-voltage conductors (tested to 20,000
volts). Class C Helmets For impact and
penetration hazards hazards only. Usually made
of aluminum, which conducts electricity, and
should not be worn around electrical hazards.
43
Foot Protection1910.136
44
Causes of Foot Injuries

• Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might
  roll onto or fall on employees feet
• Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might
  pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes
• Molten metal that might splash on feet
• Hot or wet surfaces
• Slippery surfaces

45
Foot ProtectionCriteria for Selection

• Selection depends upon specific workplace hazards
  identified and the specific parts of the feet
  exposed to potential injury
• Safety footwear must meet minimum compression and
  impact performance standards and testing
  requirements established by ANSI
• Protective footwear must comply with ANSI
  Z41-1991 if purchased after July 5, 1994) or ANSI
  Z41-1967 (if purchased before this date)

46
Foot Protection

• Proper footwear can afford a level of protection
  for the feet and toes
• Steel-toed boots or shoes protect toes against
  the crushing hazard of falling objects, such
  involved with pipe moving or heavy material
  handling
• Rubber boots protect the feet against chemical
  hazards. For chemical hazards, check with your
  MSDS.
• Footwear should also be selected based on
  protection from the walking/working surface
• Sturdy, puncture-resistant soles for sharp object
  hazards

47
True or False?

• Leather shoes or boots offer good protection
  against spills of caustic chemicals.

48
Safety Shoes

• Have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant
  soles
• Some have metal insoles to protect against
  puncture wounds
• May be designed to be electrically conductive
• What are tips for proper care?

49
Metatarsal Guards

• An integral part of shoes or strapped to the
  outside of them to protect the instep area from
  impact and compression.
• What are tips for proper care?

50
Hand Protection1910.138
51
Causes of Hand Injuries

• Burns
• Bruises
• Abrasions
• Cuts
• Punctures
• Fractures
• Amputations
• Chemical Exposures
• Temperature Extremes

52
Question

• Is there one kind of glove that will protect
  against all workplace hazards?

53
Hand ProtectionCriteria for Selection

• Nature of the hazard(s) and the operation to be
  performed will determine the selection of gloves
• Variety of potential occupational hand injuries
  may make selecting the appropriate pair of gloves
  more difficult than choosing other protective
  equipment

54
Hand Protection

• Gloves should be selected according to the
  hazard.
• Handling hot materials usually requires leather
  gloves.
• Heavy cotton glove usually afford ample
  protection against scratch and abrasive hazards.
  
• Rubber gloves are usually necessary for
  electrical and chemical hazards.
• There are gloves designed to protect against cut
  hazards, as in the meat industry.
• Check with your MSDS and/or your glove supplier
  for more information.

55
Norfoil laminate resists permeation and
breakthrough by an array of toxic/hazardous
chemicals
Butyl provides the highest permeation resistance
to gas or water vapors frequently used for
ketones (M.E.K., Acetone) and esters (Amyl
Acetate, Ethyl Acetate)
56
Viton is highly resistant to permeation by
chlorinated and aromatic solvents
Nitrile provides protection against a wide
variety of solvents, harsh chemicals, fats and
petroleum products and also provides excellent
resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions
57
Kevlar protects against cuts, slashes, and
abrasion
Stainless steel mesh provides protection from
cuts and lacerations
58
Gloves

• What are tips for proper care?

59
Hazard Assessment- Gloves

• Laboratory technicians handle strong solutions
  of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. What
  type of gloves should the employer provide?
• What type of gloves should be provided for
  protection from chlorinated solvents such as
  trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene?

60
Hazard Assessment- Gloves

• Production operators handle acetone and methyl
  alcohol to clean parts. What type of gloves
  should the employer provide?
• What options does an employer have if an employee
  develops an allergic reaction?

61
Body Protection
62
Causes of Body Injuries?

• Intense heat
• Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
• Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials
• Cuts
• Hazardous chemicals
• Contact with potentially infectious materials,
  like blood
• Radiation

63
Body ProtectionCriteria for Selection

• Need to provide protective clothing only for the
  parts of the body exposed to possible injury
• Depending upon hazards in the workplace,
  protection may be provided by
• Vests
• Aprons
• Surgical gowns
• Jackets
• Full coveralls

64
Examples
Cooling Vest
Sleeves and Apron
65
Examples
Coveralls
Full Body Suit
66
Body ProtectionUse and Care

• Verify that the material selected will provide
  protection from the specific hazard
• Adjust for comfort and effective fit
• Identify signs of wear
• Rips, tears, scuffs
• Loss of elasticity
• Clean and disinfect properly
• Store properly

See 29 CFR 1910.120 for further guidance on
selection of chemical protective clothing for
workers involved in hazardous waste operations
and emergency response.
67
Hazard Assessment Summary

• Assess the workplace for hazards
• Implement engineering controls and work practices
  to control or eliminate these hazards to the
  extent feasible
• Select appropriate PPE to protect employees from
  hazards that cannot be eliminated or controlled
  through engineering controls and work practices

68
Hazard Assessment Summary

• Inform employees why the PPE is necessary and
  when it must be worn
• Train employees how to use and care for the
  selected PPE and how to recognize deterioration
  and failure
• Require employees to wear the selected PPE in the
  workplace
• Document assessment and training

69
Hearing Protection1910.95
70
Objectives

• What is sound?
• How the ear works
• How to measure noise
• What does OSHA say about noise?
• Reading hearing tests
• Hearing Protection

71
What is Sound?

• Hertz (Hz)
• Frequency a high or low pitch

• Decibels (dB)
• The loudness of the sound

72
Frequency

• Humans can typically hear between 20 - 20,000 Hz.
• You can hear different frequencies better than
  others.

73
Decibels

• The quietest sound most humans can detect is 0 dB
• Some humans can even hear sounds as quiet as -5 dB

74
The Loudness of Common Sounds
75
Anatomy of the Ear
76
How Do We Hear?

• The outer ear collects the soundwaves
• The waves hit the eardrum and cause it to vibrate
• The vibrations are sent through the ear bones to
  the cochlea

77
Inside the Cochlea (snail shell)

• Delicate hair cells vibrate to different
  frequencies
• Hair cells detect the vibration and send a signal
  to the brain
• Loud sounds destroy the hair cells and they stop
  functioning FOREVER!

78
The Ear Does Something Else Too!

• The Semi-circular canals
• Three tubes laying perpendicular to one another
• Filled with fluid and tiny hair cells
• Depending on which way your head is tilted, the
  fluid moves the hair cells, and they send a
  signal to your brain
• Responsible for balance

79
How to Measure Noise

• Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale
• If you double the sound pressure of the noise,
  the sound pressure level will increase 6dB

80 dB
86 dB
80
Example

• In the field, we determined the loudness of two
  compressors right next to each other
• How loud is this area?
• Do we add?
• Do we add and take the average?

89 dB
87 dB
81
Example

• Neither, because it is a log scale
• We use the following chart
• 82 dB 83 dB 86 dB
• 87 dB 89 dB 91 dB

82
How are Noise Levels Determined?

• Personal Dosimeters
• Worn by employees
• Measures the average loudness in an 8 hour work
  shift
• 8hr TWA (Time Weighted Average)
• Can also measure noise dose

• Sound level meter
• Determine the loudness (dB) of noise at any given
  moment

83
What does OSHA say?

• At 85 dB (8hr. TWA) (50 Dose)
• Sample for noise levels
• Train employees
• Make hearing protection available
• Do hearing tests
• Notify employees of results

• At 90 dB or more
• (100 Dose)
• Train employees
• Hearing protection is mandatory
• Hearing protection must attenuate levels at or
  below 90 dB
• Do hearing tests
• Notify employees of results

84
What does the Std Require?
85
True or False?

• Plain cotton will effectively protect against
  occupational noise.

86
Hearing ProtectionCriteria for Selection

• Attenuation characteristics of a particular
  hearing protector must be considered
• Work area of use important, e.g., earmuffs not
  practical for work in confined areas with little
  head clearance
• When using earmuffs in areas with electrical
  hazards, use nonconductive suspension systems

87
Hearing ProtectionCriteria for Selection

• When eye protection is also required, use
  earplugs or earmuffs with cable-type temples
• Earmuffs preferable to earplugs when noise
  exposure is intermittent, since they are easier
  to put on and remove

88
Examples
Earmuffs
Earplugs
Canal Caps
What are tips for proper care?
89
True or False?

• Hearing protection worn incorrectly is like
  wearing none at all.

90
Hearing Tests

• We must determine a baseline audiogram
• We test your hearing every year to determine if
  you have experienced a hearing loss (Standard
  Threshold Shift)
• Standard Threshold Shift - A loss of 10 dB or
  more at 2000, 3000, or 4000 Hz.

91
Audiogram
92
Hearing Loss

• Impact - One loud bang
• Cumulative - Years of a noisy environment
• Tinnitus - Ringing in the ears
• Presbycusis - Hearing loss due to aging

93
Hearing Protection

• NRR - Noise reduction rating
• Express - 25 NRR
• Classic - 29 NRR
• Max Lite - 33 NRR
• DO NOT Subtract the NRR from the 108 dBA noise
  level
• WRONG (108 dBA - 33 dB 75 dBA)
• You must subtract 7 dB from the NRR (33-7)
• CORRECT (108 dBA 26dB 82 dBA)
• Is this adequate protection?

94
Safety Factor-Recommended

• OSHA says the hearing protection is designed to
  reduce the noise by the NRR, but that is unlikely
  to happen due to
• Leaks in the seal
• Vibration
• Improper insertion
• OSHA takes (NRR - 7) / 2

95
Example of NRR Protection

• The noise at a large compressor is 108 dBA
• You are wearing the Max Lite plugs with an NRR of
  33 dB
• Do you have enough protection to place you at or
  below 90 dBA level?

96

Example of NRR Protection

• (NRR 33 - 7) 26 dB
• 26 / 2 13 dB
• 108 dBA - 13 dB 95 dBA
• YOU ARE ABOVE OSHA LIMITS OF 90 dBA

95 dBA
108 dBA
97

Example of NRR Protection

• Will double protection help?
• Add 5 dB to the field adjusted NRR
• (33 7) / 2 5 dB 18 dB
• 108 dBA - 18 dB 90 dBA
• Is this protection adequate?

90 dBA
98
Summary for Hearing Protection

• Hearing is important
• In time, noise levels at 85 dBA can permanently
  damage your hearing
• Wear your hearing protection both at work and at
  home
• Choose hearing protection with a high NRR, and
  wear it properly

99
Respiratory Protection1910.134
100
Program Elements

• Program Administrator
• Workplace Evaluation
• Respirator Selection
• Medical Evaluation
• Fit Testing
• Respirator Use
• Maintenance and Storage
• Training

101
Workplace Evaluation

• Identify Respiratory Hazards
• particulates, gases, vapors, oxygen deficiency
• Determine Exposure
• monitoring, calculations, historical data
• Control Hazard
• engineering controls, administrative controls

102
Respirator Selection

• Chemical and Physical Properties
• Toxicity and Concentration
• Oxygen Level
• Nature and Extent of Hazard
• Limitations and Characteristics of Respirators

103
Question

• Will a bandana provide protection against
  particulates?
• How about two bandanas?

104
Respirator Types

• Air Purifying Respirators
• dust masks
• gas masks
• chemical cartridges
• Air-Supplying Respirators
• air-line respirators
• SCBAs

105
Medical Evaluation1910.134(e)

• Paid by Employer
• Physician or Licensed Health Care Provider
• Medical Questionnaire vs. Examination
• Written Determination
• Additional Medical Evaluations

106
Fit Testing - 1910.134(f)

• Required for tight fitting face pieces
• Fit testing is conducted annually
• Qualitative
• all positive pressure respirators
• negative pressure respirators (lt 10 X PEL)
• Quantitative
• half mask achieve fit factor gt 100
• full face achieve fit factor gt 500

107
Respirator Use 1910.134(g)

• Donning and doffing
• Maintain face-to-face piece and valve seal
• Negative and positive fit check
• Change out schedules
• Emergency situations

108
Maintenance and Storage 1910.134(h)

• Cleaning and disinfecting procedures
• Proper storage
• Regular inspections
• Repair methods

109
Training 1910.134(k)

• Frequency
• prior to initial use
• annual refreshers
• change in workplace conditions
• retraining determined necessary
• Appendix D for voluntary use

110
Training Contd

• Content
• necessity and consequences of misuse
• limitations and capabilities
• emergency use
• inspect, don, doff, use, check seals
• maintenance and storage
• general requirements of standard

111
Written Program Elements 1910.134(c)

• Selection
• Medical Evaluations
• Fit Testing
• Proper Use
• Maintenance
• Training
• Evaluation of Program

112
Summary

• Conduct air monitoring
• Choose the right respirator
• Make sure employees wear their respirators
• Perform fit testing
• Train employees
• Take care of respirators
• Review program

113
Hazard Assessment - Workshop

• Complete the worksheet for one high hazard area
  at your company.
• What type of limitations and proper care for the
  PPE would you discuss with your employees during
  training?

114
Resources

• www.texasmutual.com
• www.osha.gov
• www.twcc.state.tx.us
• www.tdh.state.tx.us

115
Questions?
116
Thank you for your attendance!