Lesson 9A

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Lesson 9A

• Direct Forms, da, Style Variation
• kara no, ku naru, desyoo
• made ni

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• masu is the distal form and is NOT the dictionary
  form of a verbal.
• You'll need to learn the "dictionary form" of
  verbals for various reasons.
• One of those reasons is that this form is the
  distal imperfective form.
• It's CRITICAL for you to get to know the basics
  concerning verbal structure and rules for
  changing from one form to another.

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• Verbals can be divided into four sub-classes.
• Irregular Verbals
• suru, kuru ('to do' and 'to come')
• Special Polite Verbals
• irassyaru, kudasaru (irassyaimasu, kudasaimasu)
• Vowel Verbals
• ending in -iru and -eru
• Consonant Verbals
• Others (roots ending in consonants)

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• See pages 224-225 for examples of each verbal
  category.
• Note that each verbal has a root and stem (kuru
  and suru have several different roots)
• Note that every citation form ends in a -u sound.
  Not every word ending in -u is a verbal, however
  (e.g., otaku, raku, etc.)

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• Simplified Rules for Determining Category
• (see page 223 for the complex rules)
• Is it irregular? (suru or kuru)?
• Is it a Special Polite Verbal
• (gozaru, kudasaru, irassyaru)
• Does it end in iru or eru?
• If so, is it one of the odd -iru, -eru verbals
  that is actually a consonant verbal?
• If not, it's a vowel verbal.

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• If it hasn't fit into another category yet, it's
  a consonant verbal.
• If it ends in anything other than -ru, it must be
  a consonant verbal.
• All verbals ending in two vowels are consonant
  verbals. The consonant (w) is "hidden" or
  "dropped."
• Thus, kaw-u kau
• More on this later.

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• The citation form is actually the direct
  imperfective, positive form, and can be a
  sentence by itself.
• Thus, the following is possible.
• Iku? N. Iku.
• Are you gonna go? Yea, I am (gonna go).

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• In the list that follows, can you identify the
  verbal category into which each verbal fits?

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• tuku
• hanasu
• agaru
• hakobu
• deru
• kayou
• yomu
• siru
• okureru

• katu
• hairu
• sinu
• tutomeru
• modoru
• moosu
• okuru
• mieru
• suu

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• Going from Direct to Distal
• Add masu to the stem
• For vowel verbals, the stem and the root are the
  same.
• For consonant verbals, the stem root i.
• For polite verbals, stem ar ai
• For irregulars, root ku ki su si

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• From now on, new verbals will be listed in the
  citation (dictionary) form.
• -ru will designate vowel verbals
• -u will designate consonant verbals
• -aru will designate polite verbals

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• Direct form can end a sentence.
• Huransu ni iku.
• I'll go to France.
• Question intonation indicates a question.
• Huransu ni iku?
• You're going to France?

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Lesson 9A-Verbal Citation Forms

• kedo and ga can follow the citation (direct)
  form.
• Ku-zi ni iku kedo, . .
• I'll go at 900, but . . .
• You can have direct imperfective (citation)
  before desyoo.
• Taberu desyoo.
• He'll probably eat it.

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Lesson 9A-da

• da
• is the direct form desu (copula)
• can follow nominals, but not adjectivals
• Your text refers to da being lost when turned to
  distal style. It means that desu is added both
  to nominals and adjectivals for politeness, as
  opposed for "is".
• It basically means that the "is" is not
  represented by da any more.

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Lesson 9A-da

• All of this means that you need to add da when
  you go to direct from distal form for nominals,
  but not for adjectivals.
• omosiroi desu omosiroi
• sensee desu sensee da

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Lesson 9A-da

• When asking questions using just nominals, you
  can drop da.
• Hontoo desu ka. Hontoo?
• Often da is dropped at the end of statements as
  well (especially where sentence particles are
  included).
• Soo da yo Soo yo.
• Soo da ne Soo ne.

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Lesson 9A-Speech Styles

• Careful vs. Casual (see pg. 227)
• Distal vs. Direct
• Look for masu and desu for distal
• Polite vs. Plain (honorific, humble, neutral)
• Special words or word patterns.
• irassyaimasu, mairimasu,etc.
• prefixes o- and go-

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Lesson 9A-Speech Styles

• Blunt and Gentle Masculine and Feminine
• Not necessarily always gender-determined.
• Bluntness and gentleness may be a better way to
  view this.
• The main difference between male and female
  speech is pitch and intonation.

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Lesson 9A-Speech Styles

• The sentence particle wa (mild assertion) is
  often said to be truly indicative of female
  speech, but this too is in doubt.
• wa yo is used in your book, and is said to be a
  "feminine ending," but it is actually seldom used
  today and can have sort of a "snooty rich
  feeling."

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Lesson 9A-Speech Styles

• X da yo and X da ne are both more blunt than the
  forms where da is dropped
• X yo and X ne.
• Pay close attention to the speech examples given
  in the text and by your teachers. You'll learn
  much by following the examples.
• Use the distal and polite speech in most cases
  for now.

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Lesson 9A-kara no

• Nominal X particle no Nominal Y
• A Y described by the phrase X
• San-zi kara no zyugyoo
• A class that starts at 3
• Tookyoo made no basu
• A bus (that goes) as far as Tokyo

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Lesson 9A-ku naru

• Adjectival Stem ku naru
• to become Adjectival
• Indicates a change of state
• Yasuku narimasita.
• It became cheap.
• Samuku narimasita.
• It became (got) cold.
• Muzukasiku narimasen yo.
• It won't become difficult.

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Lesson 9A-ku naru

• The gerund form of ku naru can be placed before
  words of apology.
• Osoku natte, sumimasen.
• tai can also be used with this form.
• Yooroppa e ikitaku narimasita.
• I've come to want to go to Europe.

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Lesson 9A-ku naru

• ku naru
• get to be
• ku suru
• cause to be
• Eego ga yasasiku naru
• English gets easier
• Eigo o yasasiku suru
• (I) Make English easier

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Lesson 9A-desyoo

• place desyoo after dictionary form of verbals and
  adjectivals
• place desyoo after a nominal
• no need for da in this case.
• Tukau desyoo.
• Takai desyoo.
• Yasumi desyoo.

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Lesson 9A-desyoo

• Desyoo rarely refers to the speaker.
• desyoo can be used with questioning intonation to
  mean "right?"
• SOMETIMES you can have distal masu before desyoo.
• Ikimasu desyoo.
• He'll probably go.

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Lesson 9A-made ni

• made ni
• made means "up to", ni means "at a specific
  point"
• made ni means at some point up to or including
• "by X"
• Zyuu-zi made ni
• By ten o'clock

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Lesson 9A-made ni

• COMPARE
• Dooyoobi made imasu
• Dooyoobi made kimasu
• Dooyoobi ni imasu
• Dooyoobi ni kimasu
• Dooyoobi made ni kimasu

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Lesson 9A-made ni

• You can have wa with made ni
• Tyotto osoku kimasu kedo, san-zi made ni wa
  kimasu.
• I'll come late, but I'll be there at least by
  three o'clock.