European Union

1
European Union

• Ivan Peout (ipesout?cutn.sk)
• City University Bratislava
• 2007

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What will be discussed?

• An introduction to the European Integration
  Definitions and Terminology (intergovernmental
  vs. supranational approach)
• Philosophical roots of European Integration
  process (G. Stresemann, G. Agnelli, A. Briand, K.
  Tucholsky, L. Blum, W. Churchill, A. Einstein,
  Ch. de Gaulle, J. Monnet and others)
• History and motives of European Integration
  (United States of Europe?, Council of Europe,
  OEEC, EFTA, ECSC, WEU - EDC, ECC EC EU)
• Basic EU/EC legislation (Treaties of Rome,
  Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice)

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What will be discussed?

• Institutions and decision making process
  (Commission, EU Council, European Parliament,
  Courts of Auditors, European Court of Justice)
• Key policies of the EU (Common trade policy,
  Common agricultural policy, Regional policy,
  Economic and monetary union, Energetic policy,
  Competition policy)
• New challenges (Lisabon strategy, European
  constitutional treaty, post Hong Kong position
  of the EU in WTO, future EU enlargements,
  democratic deficit of EU institutions, etc.)

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Why is this course important for you? Will you
really need it in your future manager career?
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Compulsory reading

• John McCormick Understanding the European union.
  Palgrave McMillan. 2002.
• All articles from my EU reader 10 articles that
  will upgrade our knowledge, convergent to
  courses topics

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Recomended reading

• Cinni, M. European union politics. Oxford. 2002
• Nello, S. European union Economy, policies,
  history. McGraw Hill. 2005
• Wallace, H. Wallace, W. Policy - making in the
  European union. Oxford. 2004
• Anything interesting You find ?

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How to pass the Course? 4 essays written exam
(combination of closed and opened questions)

• Essay topics (details will be explained)
• The Sence of the European Integration Idea
• To what Extent is a Collaboration between France
  and Germany Necessary for a Process of European
  Integration?
• EU versus USA Power.
• European Union What is (in your opinion) its
  Future?

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SO, LETS START!

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Philosophical roots of European Integration
process

• Gustav Stresemann (german chancellor)
• Giovanni Agnelli European Federation or United
  Nations? (1918)
• Richard Coudenhove Calergi Pan Europe (1922)
• Winston Churchill We are with Europe, but not
  inside, we are connected to Europe, but not
  included, we are associated to Europe, but not
  absorbed (Saturday Evening Post, 1930)

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Philosophical roots of European Integration
process

• Ideological war around a supranational principle
• Dante Alighieri About a Monarchy (1318)
• Sully idea of permanent european army (16 cent.)
• Emil Mayrish (ARBED) International Commitment on
  Steel

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Philosophical roots of European Integration
process

• Me voilá ! father of Europe on the scene
• Jean Monnets ideas United states of Europe
  and Franco British Union

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Philosophical roots of the European Integration
process

• 19/9/1946 Zurrich W.Churchill We must
  create some United States of Europe
• 1947 London W.Ch. The world order should
  stand on four pillars USA, GB Commonwealth,
  USE, Soviet union
• Why does W. Churchill revitalise the idea of
  United States of Europe?

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Integration processes in and outside Europe

• United Nations (UN) 23/10/1945
• Bretton Woods system World Bank (IBRD),
  International Monetary Found (IMF)
• General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
• Why the USA did not continue in their previous
  doctrine based on isolationism?

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Integration processes in and outside Europe

• Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
  (OEEC) 16/6/1948
• - unanimity, consultations
• Council of Europe
• Nord Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

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European integration motives

• Instrument of avoiding raise of nationalism
• Instrument of avoiding soviet expansion
• Inclusion of Germany into the system of
  International relations
• Counterbalance to economical, political and
  military domination of the USA
• Attemption to aplicate the model of the USA in
  Europe
• Instrument of influation and security of small
  western european states
• Others (Social Policy, Enviromental Policy,
  Common Foreign and Security Policy, Cooperation
  in Judicial and Criminal Matters).

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First integration phase

• 50-ties - International Office for Rhone
  region
• 9/5/1950 Schumann declaration The first step to
  the European federation, indisponsible to keep
  the peace
• European Coal and Steal Community (18/4/1951 by
  Paris Treaty, valid from 23/7/1952 for 50 years)
  tariff cancelation, high profit, social measures,
  peace keeping
• Why did future ECSC members agreed with this kind
  of integration?

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European Coal and Steal Community

• High Authority production quotas, strategic
  plans of production, prohibition of subsidies and
  aids, etc. (decision making process through
  DECISIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, OPINIONS 9 members
  completely independent in te performance of
  their duties)
• Common Assembly democratic input into ECSC dec.
• Council of Ministers harmonization of H.A. and
  member states governments actions (art. 26)
• Court of Justice institution vs. institution,
  institution vs. member state, member state vs.
  member state

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European Coal and Steal Community

• General Competencies of ECSC institutions
• a) abolition and prohibition of internal tarrif
  barriers, special charges and restrictive
  practices
• b) fix prices under certain conditions
• c) harmonise external commercial policy
• d) impose levies on coal and steel production to
  finance ECSC activities

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Sense of ECSC

• Not only a free trade area, but also a base for a
  common market (coal, coke, iron ore, steel, crap)
• The first of the European inter state
  organisations possessing significant
  supranational characteristics

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Deepening the integration

• BENELUX memorandum (20/5/1955)
• Messina talks (1-2/6/1955) Erhard plan/Beyenn
  plan/Monnet plan
• Treaties of Rome
• - I. ToR European Economic Community
• - II. ToR EURATOM
• JUNKTIM

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European Economic Community

• EEC GENERAL GOALS
• Economic and social growth
• Improving living and working standards
• Diminuation of differencies between regions,
  support to the least favoured areas
• Solidarity between Europe and overseas teritories
• Common market

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European Economic Community

• EEC policy guidelines concerned with the
  establishment of a common market
• The removal of all tarrifs and quantitative
  restrictions on internal trade free trade
  area
• The erection of a Common External Tarrif (CET)
  customs unionbasis of CCP
• The prohibition of competition distorting
  practices
• Four fundamental freedoms free movement of
  capital, services, goods and workers

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European Economic Community

• EEC policy guidelines concerned with making the
  Community more than a common market
• Different from national constitutions
• Legislative definition of the Common Agricultural
  Policy (EAGGF), Common Transport Policy,
  Competition policy, European Social Fund,
  European Investment Bank
• Contributional financing

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EEC institutions

• Commission principal policy initiator, some
  decision making powers on its own, responsibility
  for policy implementation
• Council of Ministers principal decision maing
  body
• Assembly advisory and limited supervisory
  powers
• Court of Justice ensuring that inthe
  interpretation and application of this Treaty the
  law is observed

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European Economic Community

• Frances conditions agri, at. energy, privileged
  rel. of the 6 with overseas dependencies
• Communitarization of agricultural policies
• LENGRENAGE - Jean MonnetPaul Henri Spaak a)
  reinforcing of the European Court of Justice
  decisions, b) process of EEC enlargement, c)
  enlargement of sectoral integration inside the
  EEC

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GB changes the vue on integration

• Why did not the Great Britain agreed with its
  membership in EURATOM?
• FTA not an actual question
• GBs proposal to reform the OEEC
• Jean Monnets revenge OEEC ? OECD
• GB delivers its first aplication 1961
• De Gaulles veto s 1963 and 1967

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Common european defence?

• European Defense Community 1952/6 members
• EDCs goal control of german remilitarization
• Why France finally refuses EDC treaty?
• Germany forms its military units anyway, inside
  WEU (1954) and NATO (1955)...
• Western European Union (Brussels treaty, GB6,
  intergov. base, sponzored by GB)

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From European Community to European Union

• Supplements and amendments to the Founding
  Treaties
• a) Merger Treaty 1965/67
• b) The Treaty amending certain budgetary
  provisions of the treaties 1970
• c) The treaty amending certain financial
  provisions of the treaties 1975
• d) The act concerning the elections of the
  representatives of the assembly by direct
  universal suffrage

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New enlargements

• EU becomes more important int. organ.
• EU institutions became more complex
• Smaller importance of Franco German axis
• Changing debate on EU priorities and preferencies

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From European Community to European Union

• The Single European Act (SEA) 1986/87 (most
  important measures)
• a) completition of the internal market by 92
• b) number of policy areas formally incorporated
  into EEC treaty (environment, research and
  technological development, economic and social
  cohesion)
• c) establishment of the new cooperation
  procedure and assent procedure
• d) establishment of the Court of First Instance

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From European Community to European Union

• The Treaty on European Union (Maastricht T.)
• a) new EU organisation based on 3 pillars
• b) procedure and timetable for moving to EMU
• c) moving towards Political Union

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From European Community to European Union

• 3 steps to adoption the Maastricht Treaty
• Step 1. Intergovernmental conferences Hanover
  88 Madrid 89 Strasbourg 89 Dublin I. 90
  Dublin II. 90 Rome I. 90 Rome II. 90
• Step 2. Work of the IGCs and Maastricht summit
• Step 3. Ratification of the Treaty

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From European Community to European Union

• Maastricht summit 1991
• 1. level Political union (MFA) and EMU (MF)
• 2. level permanent representatives
• 3. level experts from member states

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From European Community to European Union

• Ratification process
• Ireland, Denmark national referendums
• others parliament approval
• Problems in the ratification process Denmark,
  UK, Germany, France

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From European Community to European Union

• Contents of the Treaty
• EU citizenship what does it mean?
• Economic and social progress, high level of
  employment
• Economic and social cohesion
• Incorporation of the European Convention for the
  Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
  Freedoms

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From European Community to European Union

• 3 pillar structure
• I. Pillar
• EEC ? EC (art. 1.)
• Subsidiarity principle (art. 3b)

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I. Pillar

• Institutional changes
• Council - QMV
• EP co decision procedure
• ? number of policy areas subject to co decision
• Assent procedure
• 95 Office for Commissioners 4 ? 5 years
• Committee of Regions
• Court of Justice fines on member states

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I. Pillar

• Policy changes
• EMU definition of the main features and
  timetable (ESCB, ECB, single currency),
  convergence criteria
• Cohesion fund
• Social Charter

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II. Pillar

• M.S. shall endeavour jointly to formulate and
  implement a European Foreign Policy
• C.D.P. shall lead to Common Defense
• Systematic cooperation
• General guidelines from the European Council
• WEU elaborates and implements EU decision and
  actions, that have defense implications

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III. Pillar

• Asylum policy, controls of persons on external
  borders, imigration policy, residence rights,
  international fraud, drug addiction
• EUROPOL
• Coordinating Committee

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Amsterdam Treaty

• Corfu reflexions group ideas
• a) to make Europe more relevant to its citizens
• b) to prepare the EU for enlargements
• c) to give the EU greater capacity for external
  actions
• Extension of QMV?
• Extension of EP powers?
• CFSP and JHA transfer to the 1. pillar?

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Amsterdam Treaty

• IGCs Work (Lionel Jospin, Helmut Kohl, Tony
  Blair)
• Ratification process
• DenmarkIreland

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Amsterdam Treaty

• Contents of the Treaty
• only a revising treaty
• institutional reform (EP, Commission, Council)
• What was transfered to the 1. pillar?
• SO, JHA Police and Judicial Cooperation in
  Criminal Matters (PJCCM)
• Social Chapter incl. to TEC
• FLEXIBILITY

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Amsterdam Treaty

• Contents of the treaty
• External policys instruments general
  guidelines, common strategies, joint actions,
  common positions, strenghtened cooperation
• CONSTRUCTIVE ABSTENTION
• CFSP HIGH REPRESENTATIVE