Home Fruit

1
Home Fruit Vegetable Disease Management

• Kenny Seebold and John Hartman, Department of
  Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky
• presentation also includes information provided
  by John Strang, Department of Horticulture

2
Fruit Crops with Reduced Spray Requirements

• Strawberries
• Some Currants
• Pawpaws
• Persimmons
• Tart Cherries

• Fall Bearing Raspberries
• Blueberries
• Blackberries
• Gooseberries

Fruit Crops with High Spray Requirements

• Apples
• Grapes

• Stone Fruits
• Pears

3
Blueberry Disease Management

• Grow blueberries in acid soil with high organic
  matter
• Prune out diseased or dead twigs and branches
  during dormant season
• Control weeds to promote rapid drying for less
  disease
• Apply wood chip mulch to reduce plant stress
• Remove overripe and diseased fruit
• Water as needed to reduce plant stress

4
Strawberry Disease Management

• Crop rotation reduces diseases insects
• Use disease resistant varieties
• Control weeds to promote rapid drying for less
  disease and to reduce insects mites
• Apply straw mulch to reduce fruit decay diseases
• Remove overripe and diseased fruit
• Renovate beds after harvest

5
Disease Management for Brambles

• Rotation reduces disease and insect problems
• Cut and remove old fruiting canes after harvest
• Control weeds to promote rapid drying and reduce
  disease problems
• Keep rows narrow
• Inspect black raspberries and blackberries when
  plants are 12-14 tall for orange rust and
  viruses. Dig out plants if detected.
• Remove overripe fruit to reduce sap beetles,
  wasps, fruit flies and fruit rots.

6
Grape Disease Management

• Use disease tolerant varieties such as Concord
• Prune to remove diseased vines and to thin out
  the foliage to promote rapid drying for less
  disease
• Pick off from the vines and pick up from the
  ground fruit mummies left from the previous
  season
• Control weeds to promote rapid drying for less
  disease
• Remove overripe and diseased fruit
• Spray grapes with fungicides beginning early in
  the season

7
Stone Fruit Disease Management

• Use disease tolerant varieties
• Prune out diseased twigs and branches during the
  dormant season
• Remove and destroy all plum black knots
• Prune to thin out foliage to promote rapid drying
  to reduce disease
• Remove fruit mummies from the trees
• Control insects which provide entry for fruit
  decay diseases
• Remove overripe and diseased fruit
• Apply fungicides beginning early in the growing
  season

8
Apple Disease Management

• Use disease resistant varieties
• Prune out diseased twigs and branches during the
  dormant season
• Prune to thin out foliage to promote rapid drying
  to reduce disease
• Remove fruit mummies from the trees
• Control insects which provide entry for fruit
  decay diseases
• Use fruit bags to protect fruit
• Remove overripe and diseased fruit
• Apply fungicides beginning early in the growing
  season

9
Disease Insect Resistance

• Select varieties with disease and insect
  resistance to reduce spray requirements

Apple scab
10
Scab Resistant Varieties
AS apple scab, CR cedar apple rust, FB fire
blight, PM powdery mildew
11
Scab Immune (Insecticide Sprays Only)
12
Scab Immune(No Sprays)
Total yield 6 year-old Liberty
13
Bagging Apples, Pears Grapes

• Bags are applied when fruits are less than 1 inch
  in diameter and removed 2-3 weeks before harvest.
• An early spray schedule is necessary prior to
  bagging.

14
Spraying Home Fruit

• Early sprays are the most important
• Safety protective clothing
• Re-Entry Interval after spraying
• Home orchards exempt from worker protection
  standards
• All pesticides have a 12-96 hour REI for
  commercial growers
• Suggest that you stay out of sprayed areas for at
  least 12 hours and until pesticides are dry

15
Maintain Excellent Early Disease Control Program

• Apple
• Scab, cedar apple rust, fire blight
• Stone fruit
• Peach leaf curl, brown rot, powdery mildew, black
  knot
• Grape
• Anthracnose, black rot, powdery mildew, downy
  mildew, phomopsis cane and leaf spot
• Strawberry
• botrytis

16
Maintain Excellent Early Insect Control Program

• Dormant oil spray
• Scale, aphids, mites
• Apple
• Rosy apple aphid, tarnished plant bug, plum
  curculio, codling moth (1st generation)
• Peach
• Catfacing bugs, plum curculio, oriental fruit
  moth
• Plum
• Plum curculio

17
Home Fruit Insecticides

• Conventional
• Carbaryl (Sevin)
• Endosulfan (Thiodan)
• Malathion

• Organic
• Azadirachtin (Neem)
• Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt)
• Insecticidal soap
• Pyrethrum
• Sabadilla
• Spray oil
• Surround

18
Home Fruit Fungicides

• Conventional
• Captan
• Chlorothalonil (Daconil 2787)
• Ferbam (Carbamate)
• Mancozeb (Dithane)
• Myclobutanil (Immunox)
• Thiophanate-Methyl (Topsin M)

• Organic
• Bordeaux Mixture
• Fixed copper (fungicide/bactericide)
• Liquid Lime Sulfur
• Wettable Sulfur
• Streptomycin (bactericide)

19
From Commercial Spray Guide




(Immunox)


(Thiophanate-methyl)
available for home garden use.

20
From Commercial Spray Guide







available for home garden use.

21
Pesticide Formulations

• Liquid
• Wettable Powder
• Dust

22
From ID-21
23
Sample page from UK ID-21, Home Fruit Spray Guide
describing spray timing for selected pests and
diseases.
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
PHI From ID-21
27
Home Fruit Spray EquipmentHose end sprayer

• Inexpensive
• Easy to operate
• Not much range

28
Home Fruit Spray Equipment

• Improves spray distance
• Often runs spray on the operator

29
Home Fruit Spray EquipmentHand pump sprayers

• Relatively inexpensive
• Reduces spray drift on operator
• Short range spraying

30
Home Fruit Spray EquipmentBackpack sprayer

• 100 range
• Reduces spray drift on operator
• Improved spray height with spray wand extension

31
Home Fruit Spray Equipment Battery powered

32
Home Fruit Spray EquipmentBackpack mistblower

• Expensive
• Heavy
• Will concentrate spray
• Difficult to calibrate

33
Commercial FruitAir blast sprayer
Dont plant too many trees!
It is difficult to justify this type of sprayer
for a home planting.
34
Home Fruit Spray Pesticide Calculations
35
UK Home Fruit Resources

• County Extension Offices
• ANR and Hort. Agents
• Short Courses, demonstrations, Master Gardener
  programs
• Publications
• Fruit Facts newsletter
• Video Tapes DVDs
• Soil Tests
• Plant Disease Diagnostic Labs (Lex. Princeton)
• Disease, Insect, Weed ID and control
• Web Resources
• Hort. Dept.
• http//www.ukyu.edu/Ag/Horticulture
• Publications, Power Point presentations, New Crop
  Opportunities site
• Garden Data
• http//www.gardendata.org
• Apple Alert Grape Alert Listserves

36
Managing Disease in Home Vegetable Gardens

• Causal agent the pathogen
• Favorable environment
• Susceptible host
• Use an integrated approach that affects one or
  more of these elements

37
Cultural Practices

• Sound cultural practices can reduce the
  occurrence of many diseases in the home garden
• Site selection
• Pick a location with good soil and air drainage
• Avoid shady areas
• Avoid areas near commercial fields (vegetables
  AND tobacco)
• Crop rotation
• Continuous planting of related crops can lead to
  the buildup of certain plant pathogens in that
  area
• Maintain a 2 year rotation away from related
  crops in the same area for best effect
• Rotation with a non-host crop
• Deprives pathogen of preferred host(s)
• Most effective against pathogens with small host
  range or those that dont persist for long times
  in the environment
• Not as effective against pathogens with multiple
  hosts
• Not as effective against pathogens that dont
  overwinter
• Not as effective against pathogens that persist
  for a long time

38
Groups of Related Crops
Group B cabbage cauliflower broccoli Brussels
sprouts mustard turnips collards kale
Group C pepper (all) tomato eggplant Irish potato
Group D beans (snap, lima, pole) English
peas snow peas southern peas
Group A watermelon cucumber squash cantaloupe pump
kins gourds
Group E beets Swiss chard spinach
Group F onions shallots garlic leeks
Group G sweet corn
39
Cultural Practices

• Sanitation Exclusion
• Pathogen-free seed transplants
• Quarantine
• Chemical treatments
• Fungicides bactericides (choices limited)
• Bleach
• Hot water treatment

40
Cultural Practices

• Sanitation Exclusion
• Wash hands thoroughly before and after working in
  the garden
• Sanitize tools equipment
• Dont work plants when foliage is wet
• Dont use tobacco products while working in the
  garden
• Destroy crop debris
• Dont grow vegetable ornamentals together in
  greenhouses
• Staking and trellising
• Mulches, and physical barriers
• Use trap crops

41
Physical barriers
Southern blight of tomato
42
Cultural Practices

• Resistant varieties
• Effective and relatively cheap
• Can reduce fungicide use as well
• Information listed in most seed catalogs or on
  seed packets
• Resistance doesnt mean immunity
• Resistance package will vary by crop

RESISTANCE CODES FOR TOMATOES AAlternaria
(ASC) FFusarium wilt LSeptoria leaf
spot Nnematode SStemphylium (St) TMVtobacco
mosaic virus TSWtomato spotted
wilt VVerticillium wilt
43
Cultural Practices

• Planting date
• Follow recommended dates for the vegetables being
  grown
• Try to avoid planting when soils are cool (F)
• Plant populations (spacing)
• Avoid dense plantings to permit air movement
  within the crop
• Avoid overlap that can allow disease to jump
  from plant to plant
• Fertility
• Adequate fertilizer levels are critical to
  management of disease
• Test soils several months before planting to
  ascertain pH and nutrient levels

44
Cultural Practices

• Control weeds
• Can harbor a number of insects and pathogens
• Control insects
• Transmit several viral and bacterial diseases
• Irrigation management
• Dont over-water
• Use soaker hoses, trickle irrigation, etc. where
  possible this avoids wetting foliage
• If watering overhead, irrigate early in the day
  to allow foliage to dry quickly

45
Spraying Home Vegetables

• As with other practices, dont rely solely on
  chemicals to manage disease!
• Timely applications are critical
• Apply before symptoms appear OR at first signs
• Maintain a regular schedule
• Safety protective clothing
• Re-Entry Interval after spraying
• Home gardens exempt from worker protection
  standards
• Suggest that you stay out of sprayed areas for at
  least 12 hours and until pesticides are dry
• Choices of active ingredient are limited

46
Fungicides for Home Vegetable GardensConventional
Products

• Captan broad-spectrum seed treatment
  (protectant
• Hi-Yield Captan 50WP
• Chlorothalonil broad-spectrum fungicide
  (protectant)
• Bonide Fung-onil
• Dragon Daconil 2787
• Hi-Yield Home and Garden Fungicide
• Ortho Daconil 2787
• Ortho Garden Disease Control
• Copper compounds bactericide / broad-spectrum
  fungicide (protectant)
• Acme Bordeaux Mixture
• Hi-Yield Bordeaux Mixture
• Bonide Dragoon Dust
• Dragon Copper Fungicide
• Hi-Yield Copper Fungicide

47
Fungicides for Home Vegetable GardensConventional
Products

• Mancozeb / maneb broad-spectrum fungicide
  (protectant)
• Bonide Mancozeb Flowable
• Dithane
• Hi-Yield Maneb Garden Fungicide
• Sulfur powdery mildew / miticide (protectant)
• Dusting sulfur (various brands)
• Wettable sulfur (various brands)

48
Fungicides for Home Vegetable GardensSoft
Chemistries / Organic

• Bacillus subtilis broad-spectrum fungicide
• Serenade Garden Disease Control
• Bordeaux mixture
• Botanicals
• Fungastop broad spectrum citrus/mint oil
• Garlic GP Vegetable and Garden spray
• Neem oil broad spectrum fungicide / insecticide
• Garden Defense Multi-Purpose spray
• Garden Safe Fungicide3
• Ferti-lome Rose, Flower, Vegetable Spray
• Safer 3-in-1 Garden Spray

49
Fungicides for Home Vegetable GardensSoft
Chemistries / Organic

• Copper compounds
• Potassium bicarbonate powdery mildew
• Bi-Carb Old Fashioned Fungicide
• EcoMate Armicarb O
• GreenCure Organic Fungicide
• Kaligreen
• Sulfur powdery mildew / miticide (protectant)

50
Mixing Small Quantities of Pesticides(from
ID-128)
51
Building an Integrated Disease Management Plan

• Disease identification be aware of the signs
  and symptoms of diseases that affect your crops.
• Understand how the environment affects disease
  development in the garden.
• Be familiar with all the tools at your disposal
  for disease management. Use a combination of
  practices that best fit your operation.
• Be aware that some diseases may be difficult to
  control despite your best efforts

52
Home Vegetable Garden Resources

• County Extension Offices
• ANR and Hort. Agents
• Short Courses, demonstrations, Master Gardener
  programs
• Publications
• Video Tapes DVDs
• Soil Tests
• Plant Disease Diagnostic Labs (Lex. Princeton)
• Disease, Insect, Weed ID and control
• Web Resources
• KY Pest News
• http//www.uky.edu/Ag/kpn/kpnhome.htm
• ID-128 (Home Vegetable Gardening in KY)
• http//www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.htm
• Plant Pathology Dept.
• http//www.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/ind
  ex.html
• Hort. Dept.
• http//www.ukyu.edu/Ag/Horticulture
• Garden Data

53
Questions?