Myocardial Infarction

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Myocardial Infarction
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OVERVIEW

• What is MI?
• Heart
• What causes MI?
• Risk factors
• Leading causes - Atherosclerosis Hypertension
• Symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Treatments
• Drugs
• Prevention

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What is MI?

• A myocardial infarction is commonly known as
  heart attack
• Death of part of the heart muscle due to its
  sudden loss of blood supply
• Heart attacks - common for both men and women
  all over the world
• Approximately 90 to 95 of heart attack victims
  who reach the hospital survive

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Heart

• External view

• L.S of heart

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What causes MI?

• A MI is caused by the formation of a blood clot
  on a cholesterol plaque.
• Cholesterol plaque is the formation of a hard,
  thick substance within the artery walls which is
  caused by deposits of cholesterol in the artery
  walls
• During exercise or excitement, the narrowed
  coronary arteries cannot increase the blood
  supply to meet the increased oxygen demand of the
  heart muscle.
• Occasionally the surface of the cholesterol
  plaque in the artery may rupture, then completely
  occludes blood flow in the vessel and results in
  a heart attack.

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Risk Factors

• Hypertension (High blood pressure)
• Hyperlipidemia (High Cholesterol)
• Smoking, Alcohols
• Age gt45 yrs in men and gt55 yrs in women
• Over weight
• Physical Inactivity

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Atherosclerosis

• Atherosclerosis
• Narrowing of the arteries due to build-up of
  cholesterol-containing plaque in the arterial
  wall

Much more than simple accumulation of lipids
within the artery wall it is a complex
inflammatory response to tissue damage
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Hypertension

• Blood pressure is the force of blood against the
  inside walls of your blood vessels
• Normal BP 120/80 mmHg
• High blood pressure makes your heart have to work
  harder to push blood to all parts of your body

Normal Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure
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Symptoms

• Pain, pressure, fullness, discomfort or squeezing
  in the center of the chest
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Feeling extra heartbeats
• Sweating for no apparent reason
• Jaw pain
• Heartburn and/or indigestion
• Radiating pain to shoulder(s), neck, back, arm(s)
  or jaw
• Upper back pain
• Sudden extreme fatigue
• Nausea
• Upper abdominal pain

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Diagnosis

• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• PURPOSE- The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a
  noninvasive test that is used to reflect
  underlying heart conditions by measuring the
  electrical activity of the heart.
• PROCEDURE- By positioning leads (electrical
  sensing devices) on the body in standardized
  locations, information about many heart
  conditions can be learned by looking for
  characteristic patterns on the ECG
• Homocysteine measurement - Testing for
  homocysteine blood levels is conducted because
  elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood are
  believed to cause narrowing and hardening of the
  arteries

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Treatments - Angioplasty

• Angioplasty (Percutaneous Transluminal
  Angioplasty)
• PURPOSE-PTCA is a non-surgical procedure that
  relieves narrowing and obstruction of the
  arteries to the muscle of the heart. This allows
  more blood and oxygen to be delivered to the
  heart muscle

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Treatments - Bypass Graft

• PURPOSE- CABG surgery creates new routes around
  narrowed and blocked arteries, allowing
  sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and
  nutrients to the heart muscles

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Drugs

• Antiplatelets (Aspirin Plavix)- reduce risk of
  heart attack
• Nitroglycerin
• Anticoagulants
• Calcium channel blockers
• Beta Blockers

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Prevention

• Obesity weight loss reduces risk factors
• Exercise regular and moderate
• Diet reduce saturated fat and cholesterol foods
• Avoid smoking Alcohols
• Avoid stress

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Eating for a Healthy Heart

• Eat a variety of foods different colors and
  types
• Eat only small amounts of fats, cholesterol,
  sweets, sugars, and salt.
• Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole
  grains.
• Look carefully at food labels
• Reduce salt and bad fat intake (Vanaspathi,
  butter, coconut oil)

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MI Review

• Heart Attack A reason for heart failure
• Caused by blockage of heart arteries from
  cholesterol build up
• Symptoms - chest pain
• Prevention Blood pressure control, well
  balanced diet low in cholesterol and fat,
  exercise, weight loss, blood sugar control,
  reduce stress
• Important to go to hospital immediately for any
  new start of chest pain

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Thank you