Part Four

1
Part Four

• Analysis of Data

2
Chapter 13

• Qualitative Data Analysis

3
Chapter Outline

• Introduction
• Linking Theory and Analysis
• Qualitative Data Processing
• Computer Programs for Qualitative Data
• The Qualitative Analysis of Quantitative Data

4
Qualitative Analysis

• Methods for examining social research data
  without converting them to a numerical format.
• Searches for explanatory patterns.
• Links data collection, analysis and theory.

5
Six Ways to Discover Patterns

• Frequencies
• Magnitudes
• Structures
• Processes
• Causes
• Consequences

6
Variable-oriented Analysis

• Focus of analysis is on interrelations among
  variables and the people observed would be the
  carriers of those variables.

7
Case Oriented Analysis

• Analysis that aims to understand a particular
  case or several cases by looking at the details
  of each.

8
Cross-case Analysis

• Analysis that involves an examination of more
  than one case, either a variable-oriented or
  case-oriented analysis.

9
Grounded Theory Method (GMT)

• An inductive approach to research in which
  theories are generated solely from an examination
  of data rather than being derived deductively.

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Question

• __________________ is an analysis that aims to
  understand a particular case or several cases by
  looking closely at the details of each.
• variable-oriented analysis
• case-oriented analysis
• experimentation
• field research

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Answer B

• Case-oriented analysis is an analysis that aims
  to understand a particular case or several cases
  by looking closely at the details of each.

12
Question

• ___________________ is an inductive approach to
  research in which theories are generated solely
  from an examination of data rather than being
  derived deductively.
• cross-case analysis
• Grounded Theory Method
• constant comparative method
• monitoring studies

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Answer B

• Grounded Theory Method is an inductive approach
  to research in which theories are generated
  solely from an examination of data rather than
  being derived deductively.

14
Grounded Theory Method (GTM)

• Four Stages
• Comparing incidents applicable to each category.
• Integrating categories and their properties.
• Delimiting the theory.
• Writing the theory.

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Constant Comparative Method

• Component of the Grounded Theory Method in which
  observations are compared with one another and
  with the evolving inductive theory.

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Semiotics

• The "science of designs".
• Signs are anything that is assigned a special
  meaning.

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Matching Signs and Their Meanings

• Sign
• Poinsettia
• Horseshoe
• Blue ribbon
• Say cheese
• Break a leg

• Meaning
• Good luck
• First prize
• Christmas
• Acting
• Smile for a picture.

18
Conversational Analysis (CA)

• Meticulous analysis of the details of
  conversation, based on a complete transcript hat
  includes pauses, hems and also haws,

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Conversation Analysis

• Fundamental Assumptions
• Conversation is a socially structured activity.
• Conversations must be understood contextually.
• Structure and meaning of conversations must be
  transcribed.

20
Open Coding

• Initial classification and labeling of concepts
  in qualitative data analysis. Codes are
  suggested by researchers examination and
  questioning of the data.

21
Coding Methods

• Memoing - writing notes about the project.
• Concept mapping - graphically classifying
  individual pieces of data.

22
Question

• The key process in the analysis of qualitative
  social research data is ____________.
• predicting
• analyzing
• writing
• coding

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Answer D

• The key process in the analysis of qualitative
  social research data is coding.

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Axial Coding

• A reanalysis of the results of open coding in
  Grounded Theory Method, aimed at identifying the
  important, general concepts.

25
Selective Coding

• In Grounded Method Theory, this analysis builds
  on the results of open coding and axial coding to
  identify the central concept that organizes the
  other concepts that have been identified in a
  body of textual materials.

26
Memoing

• Writing memos that become part of the data for
  analysis in qualitative research such as grounded
  theory.
• Memos can describe and define concepts, deal with
  methodological issues, or offer initial
  theoretical formulations.

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Three Kinds of Memos for GTM

• Code Notes - identify code labels and their
  meanings.
• Theoretical Notes - reflect meaning of concepts
  and theories.
• Operational Notes -methodological issues.

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Concept Mapping

• Putting concepts in a graphical format.

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An Example of Concept Mapping
30
Using a Spreadsheet for Qualitative Analysis
31
Quick Quiz
32

• 1. Methods for examining social research data
  without converting them to numerical format are
  referred to as______________________.
• feminist research
• quantitative analysis
• qualitative analysis
• none of these choices

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Answer C

• Methods for examining social research data
  without converting them to numerical format are
  referred to as qualitative analysis.

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• 2. Which of the following are different ways a
  researcher may look for patterns in a particular
  research topic?
• frequencies
• magnitudes
• structures
• all of these choices

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Answer D

• A researcher may look for patterns in a
  particular research topic in the following ways
  frequencies, magnitudes, and structures.

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• 3. ______________ is an analysis that describes
  and/or explains a particular variable.
• variable-oriented analysis
• case-oriented analysis
• experimentation
• field research

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Answer A

• Variable-oriented analysis is an analysis that
  describes and/or explains a particular variable.

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• 4. __________________ is a component of the GTM
  in which observations are compared with one
  another and with the evolving inductive theory.
• cross-case analysis
• Grounded Theory Method
• constant comparative method
• monitoring studies

39
Answer C

• Constant comparative method is a component of the
  GTM in which observations are compared with one
  another and with the evolving inductive theory.

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• 5. _________________ is commonly defined as the
  science of signs and has to do with symbols and
  meanings.
• kinesics
• semiotics
• graphology
• monitoring

41
Answer B

• Semiotics is commonly defined as the science of
  signs and has to do with symbols and meanings.

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• 6. In ____________ coding, codes are suggested by
  the researchers examination.
• open
• axial
• selective
• none of these choices

43
Answer A

• In open coding, codes are suggested by the
  researchers examination.