Module 4

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Module 4

• Circulatory Problems

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Circulatory System

• The circulatory system consists of the heart and
  a series of vessels that carry blood throughout
  the body.
• 
  

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The vessels include

• Arteries carry blood rich in oxygen and other
  materials away from the heart to the body cells.
• Veins carry blood loaded with carbon dioxide and
  other waste products from the body cells.
• Capillaries are tiny vessels which connect
  arteries and veins, as well as exchange oxygen
  and waste products at the cellular level.

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 Risks Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

• Heredity
• Diet, high cholesterol and obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Age
• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• Gender

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Cardiovascular Problems

• Angina Pectoris
• A narrowing of an artery which diminishes the
  blood supply to the heart.
• Pain
• .

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Pain Progress

• Angina pain is usually relieved by rest
• Lasts three to eight minutes
• rarely longer than ten minutes

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Cause

• Brought on by
• stress
• overexertion,
• exercise
• a large meal
• The heart needs more oxygen than is available

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Symptoms

• pain in the chest
• Pain in arms
• or the neck
• not as severe as the pain of a heart attack

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Treatment

• Victims are usually aware of condition
• Have been given medication (nitroglycerine)
• Relieves the pain
• Dilates the blood vessels which increases the
  flow of blood to the heart

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Cardiovascular Problems

• High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) persons blood
  pressure is significantly higher than normal.
• It can cause damage to the heart, arteries, and
  other vital organs.

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Statistics

• one in five Americans has high blood pressure.
• one-third to one-half are unaware they have
  hypertension
• 
  

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Cardiovascular Problems

• Rheumatic Heart Disease caused by strep throat
  rheumatic fever
• Can cause permanent heart problems in children 5
  to 15 years of age
• .

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Damage

• Rheumatic fever can cause the opening through the
  valve to become so narrow that blood flow is
  difficult
• This makes the heartbeat less effective

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Cardiovascular Problems

• Atherosclerosis-narrowing of the coronary
  arteries
• artery walls become narrowed or occluded
• blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced
• lead to eventual death of the heart muscle

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Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)

• The heart is a muscle,.
• when the heart is robbed of oxygen and nutrients
  the victim has a heart attack.
• The attack usually occurs in the left ventricle
  which may be unable to pump or move all blood
  coming from the lungs

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Pulmonary Edema

• Fluid accumulates in the lungs.

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Heart Attack Symptoms

• Severe pain
• It may travel from the left arm, to the neck, the
  left side of the chest, the abdomen, or the back.
  
• Apprehension
• Sweating
• Shortness of breath
• Pale, cool, and clammy skin
• Nausea or vomiting

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 Treatment for cardiovascular disease

• Call 911
• Place the victim in a sitting position, leaning
  forward.
• Do not allow the victim to move.
• Comfort and reassure the victim.
• Loosen the victim's clothing and make him or her
  comfortable.
• 
  
• 
  

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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

• Steps for Adult CPR
• Check area for safety
• Check for response Are you okay?
• Call 911.
• Open airway
• Check for signs of life
• If not breathing, pinch the nose and give two
  rescue breaths
• Recheck for signs of life
• Begin CPR 30 compressions to 2 breaths.
• Repeat CPR for 2 minutes (5 cycles) and check for
  signs of life.
• Continue until help arrives.

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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

• Steps for Infant CPR
• Check for response by gently clapping hands and
  tickling feet.
• Open airway using head tilt-chin lift technique.
  Be careful not to tilt the head too far back.
• Check for signs of life for 10 seconds.
• If not breathing, cover infants nose and mouth
  and give 2 rescue breaths. If the chest does not
  rise and fall, reposition head and try again.
• Begin CPR 30 compressions to 2 breaths.
• Repeat CPR for 2 minutes (5 cycles) and check for
  signs of life.
• Call 911.

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Good Samaritan Act

• A victim of cardiac arrest quite often is a
  stranger and very often dies. The first responder
  may worry about a lawsuit being filed. Today all
  50 states have Good Samaritan laws and no person
  has ever been successfully sued for performing
  CPR..

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Guidelines for protecting a Good Samaritan are

• The rescuer is trying to help
• The actions are reasonable
• There is no compensation given

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AED- Automated External Defibrillators

• During cardiac arrest, the chaotic beating of the
  heart (fibrillation) can be restored to normal
  rhythm with an electric shock.
• Electric shock is given by using an AED
  (Automated External Defibrillator).
• The shock paralyzes the heart, which may then
  begin normal rhythm. If the AED is activated
  within three minutes, survival increases
  dramatically
• 
  

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AED- Automated External Defibrillators

• Guidelines for use of AED
• Call 911.
• Turn on AED.
• Apply pads to the patients bare and dry chest.
• Place one pad on the patients upper right chest
  and the other pad on the patients lower left
  side.
• Plug the electrode cable into the AED.
• Follow prompts.

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 1. How Many Chest Compressions in a set?

• 15
• 60
• 30
• 100

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 2. How many sets of compressions should be
given followed by two breaths?

• 5
• 4
• 30
• 15

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 3. How long should each breath last when giving
CPR?

• 1. 1 second
• 2. 5 seconds
• 3. 3 seconds
• 4. 10 seconds

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4. It is important when giving CPR to

• Push hard and fast
• 2. Give 302 compressions to breath ratio.
• 3. Release pressure on the chest after each
  compression
• 4. All of the above

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 5. When an infant needs CPR the first thing to
do is

• Begin compressions
• Call 9-1-1
• Obtain permission from parent
• Open airway and give breaths just like adult
  protocol

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 6. Infant CPR ratio of compressions to
breaths is

• 152
• 1002
• 151
• 302

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 7. Legally when giving CPR

• You must ask permission.
• You are protected by law
• If the victim dies you are liable.
• 4. All of the above.

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 8. AED pads are placed on a bare chest

• Side by side on the victims chest
• In the center of the chest and on the upper back
• On the victims upper right chest and lower left
  side.
• None of the above.

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9. During use of an AED, if prompted to shock you
must

• Plug in the electrode cables.
• Turn on the AED.
• Give two breaths
• Loudly say Everyone stand clear.

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10. An AED should be activated within

• Three minutes
• Six minutes
• Ten minutes
• Twenty minutes.