WHICH TEACHING MODEL WORKS BEST

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WHICH TEACHING MODEL WORKS BEST? Model 2006 Wk
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Does cognitive science define a discipline
distinct from philosophy, neurology, sociology?
Will it replace psychology? Was the shift to
cognitive science a revolution or paradigm
shift or mere elaboration of mediational
behaviorism? Does cognitive science provide a
paradigm that is scientific? Empirical (though
not logical-positivist)? Can cognitive science
develop a unitary, generally accepted
explanatory theory? Is a general theory of
psychology desirable? Does the concept of
information bring a dualism back into
psychology, as Leahey suggests?
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Graph showing growth in APA membership, 1892
-1942 from Fernberger (1943)
Psychological Review, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 33-60
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U.S. Department of LaborBureau of Labor
Statistics

• 4 out of 10 psychologists self-employed, compared
  to 1 out of 10 other professionals
• Overall employment of psychologists is expected
  to grow faster than the average for all
  occupations through 2014
• Competition for admission to graduate psychology
  programs is keen
• 25 work in non-teaching educational settings,
  performing testing, administration, research
• 20 in health care, clinics, drug trx, etc.
• Federal, state, and local governments employ many
  psychologists

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• Boulder Model (1949) posits that students of
  psychology are trained first as scientists,
  with all usual expectations for research, and
  only secondarily as practitioners. Expects
  psychologists to reflect a research orientation
  in their practice and a practice relevance in
  their research. Virtually all Boulder Model
  clinical training programs are housed in
  university departments of psychology and offer
  the Ph.D. degree to their graduates.
• Vail Model (1973) was developed for individuals
  whose sole or primary interest is in clinical
  practice and who see themselves as providing
  direct clinical service to individuals. Many, but
  not all, of the programs based upon the Vail
  Model offer the Psy.D. degree to its graduates
  and are offered in freestanding professional
  schools of psychology rather than in
  universitybased departments of psychology. In
  general, competition for admission to APA
  accredited Psy.D. programs housed in professional
  schools is not as fierce as that for admission to
  APA accredited Ph.D. programs.

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• Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs)
• Foundation of scientific applied psychology
• (and medicine, and criminology, and . . .
  everything?)
• 1880s Charles Saunders Pierce introduced
  randomization and
• blindness into psychology
  experiments
• 1901 E.L. Thorndike and R.S. Woodworth
  introduce control groups
• 1920s American psychologists develop methods for
  educational research
• W.A. McCall writes How to Experiment
  in Education
• R.A. Fischer develops experimental
  design and analysis of variance
• at British agricultural research
  station wrote Design of Experiments
• 1948 First RCT in medical research published in
  British Journal of Medicine
• 1963 Campbell and Stanley publish Experimental
  and Quasi-Experimental
• Desings for Research launching Golden
  Age of Evaluation Research

From Ann Oakley Experimentation and social
interventions a forgotten but important
history British Medical Journal Vol. 31 No.
317 12391242, 1998.
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Campbell and Stanleys little book on how to
design natural experiments launched the practice
of program evaluation and expanded the field of
applied psychology
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Use of RTC in evaluation of social programs has
declined over recent decades, since golden age
when 1 of program budgets were, by law,
dedicated to evaluation Why? Often showed
popular programs were ineffective Takes a
long time and lots of resources to evaluate
well Its a shame, since Expert opinions,
pooled judgements, brilliant intuitions, and
shrewd hunches are frequently misleading.
- Julian Stanley 1918 - 2005 From
Stanley J. C. Controlled experimentation in the
classroom. Journal of Experimental Education.
Vol 25 195201, 1957.
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Birth of Applied Psychology in America 1892
1919 1896 Lightner Witmer writes the first case
history in psychology Witmer founds a
psychological clinic at U. of Pennsylvania 1900 Si
gmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of
Dreams 1905 Alfred Binet publishes New Methods
for the Measurement of the Intellectual Level
of Subnormals Freud publishes Three Essays on
the Theory of Sexuality 1907 Witmer establishes
new journal The Psychological Clinic 1908 Mental
Hygiene movement started with publication of
Clifford Beers self-help book A Mind that
Found Itself Hugo Munsterberg publishes On
the Witness Stand 1913 John Watson publishes
Psychology as the Behaviorist Sees It 1913 Hugo
Munsterberg publishes Psychology and Industrial
Efficiency 1916 Louis Terman works
with Binet to produce the Stanford-Binet test
measuring the Intelligence Quotient 1917 J. E.
Wallace Wallin organizes the American Association
of Clinical Psychologists U.S. Army approves
mental testing of all recruits
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Francis Galton and his American Student, James
McKeen Cattell.
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John Dewey, with his Progressive agenda, helped
inspire educational research, the most
important area of early scientific applied
psychology.
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Treatments performed on the mentally ill
included spinning, and in the 20th Century,
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Pre-Frontal
Lobotomy.
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Lightner Witmer (1867 - 1956) and the journal he
founded in 1907.
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Entrance to the University of Pennsylvania
Psychological Clinic, circa 1923, with some of
the testing materials used with children.
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The trenches and battlefields of WW I caused
emotional damage
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Shell shock became a common affliction that
demanded treatment.
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Anthropometric labs operated on a fee for
measurement basis like the phrenologists, but
were also a source of data to the first
generation of psychologists.
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Karl Pearson (1857 1936), a student of
Galtons, founded the first University Statistics
Department. He defined the modern concepts of
correlation, regression, and many others. He
wrote one of the young Einsteins favorite books
The Grammar of Science.
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An intercorrelation matrix, such as this one, was
a first step in testing the meaning and validity
of mental tests. It laid the groundwork for the
modern definition of intelligence as the
g-factor.
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Lewis Termin worked with Alfred Binet to
translate and adapt his intelligence test ,
creating the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Terman was
interested both in the feeble-minded and
superior children
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Henry Goddard began using Binet and Simons
tests at the Vineland Home for the Feeble Minded.
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The original French Binet-Simon test was revised
in 1916 for use in American and renamed the
Stanford-Binet. Here we see the Second (1937)
Third (1960) and Fourth Editions of the
test, which were the leading individual
intelligence tests in America for most of the
twentieth century.
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Original scoring method for Ratio IQ
Mental Age ___________________
Chronological age X 100
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Charles Spearman (1863-
1945) English psychologist who defined
intelligence as the g-factor
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Stephen Gouldss 1981 book re-opened questions
about the meaning of intelligence tests.
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Walter Dill Scott 1869-1955) Won the
Distinguished Service Medal for organizing over
175 psychologists who developed
classification criteria for 83 different
military jobs. Placement was based on
individual proficiency examinations.
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Robert Yerkes (1876 1956)
Question from the Army Beta test Whats missing
from each picture?
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Administration of the Army Alpha and Beta tests,
the first group tests, to be followed in due
course by the SAT, LSAT, GRE, etc.