Different Aspects of Globalization

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Different Aspects of Globalization

• Industrial - emergence of worldwide production
  markets and broader access to a range of foreign
  products for consumers and companies
• Financial - emergence of worldwide financial
  markets and better access to external financing
  for corporate, national and subnational borrowers
  
• Economic - realization of a global common market,
  based on the freedom of exchange of goods and
  capital.
• Political struggles towards coordination of
  world government which regulates the
  relationships among nations and guarantees the
  rights arising from social and economic
  globalization.

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• Informational - increase in information flows
  between geographically remote locations
• Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts
  advent of new categories of consciousness and
  identities such as Globalism - which embodies
  cultural diffusion, the desire to consume and
  enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new
  technology and practices, and participate in a
  "world culture"

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Environmental Globalization

• Ecological- the advent of global environmental
  challenges that can not be solved without
  international cooperation, such as
• climate change
• cross-boundary water and air pollution,
  over-fishing of the ocean
• the spread of invasive species.

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• Environment and Globalization Some Examples of
  Interaction

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5 propositions about globalization and the
environment

• PROPOSITION 1
• The rapid acceleration in global economic
  activity and our dramatically increased demands
  for critical, finite natural resources undermine
  our pursuit of continued economic prosperity.

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• PROPOSITION 2
• The linked processes of globalization and
  environmental degradation pose new security
  threats to an already insecure world. They impact
  the vulnerability of ecosystems and societies,
  and the least resilient ecosystems. The
  livelihoods of the poorest communities are most
  at risk.

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• PROPOSITION 3
• The newly prosperous and the established wealthy
  will have to come to terms with the limitations
  of the ecological space in which both must
  operate, and also with the needs and rights of
  those who have not been as lucky.

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• PROPOSITION 4
• Consumptionin both North and Southwill define
  the future of globalization as well as the global
  environment.
• (For example, while global population doubled
  between 1950 and 2004, global wood use more than
  doubled, global water use roughly tripled, and
  consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas
  increased nearly five times).

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• PROPOSITION 5
• Concerns about the global market and global
  environment will become even more intertwined and
  each will become increasingly dependent on the
  other.
• (significant part of international trade is in
  environment-related goodsranging from trade in
  resources such as timber or fish to flowers and
  species, and much more. Moreover, trade in just
  about all goods has environmental relevance in
  the manufacture, transport, disposal and use of
  those goods).

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Environment and Global Inequality
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• http//www.gapminder.org/downloads/presentations/h
  uman-development-trends-2005.html

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Affluence or Poverty Which is the Most Damaging?

• Poverty- Poor people are frequently the leading
  edge in cutting down tropical rain forests? But
  is the cause of destruction agriculture shifting
  agriculture or shifted agriculture. Land
  inequality where the farmers came from?
• Environmental degradation leads to more poverty.
• But on the other hand, very poor people consume
  virtually nothing. They live in involuntary
  simplicity

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Affluence the IPAT model

• Impact (Environmental) Population X Affluence
  (Level of) X Technology.
• Environmental impact a function of number of
  people, amount of goods they consume and
  technologies used to produce those goods.
• One finding increasing population increased CO2
  emission.
• But At highest levels of affluence, C02
  emissions begin to decline. But only in top 25
  of 111 nations. Shifting from manufacturing to
  service.

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Consumption of the Affluent

• In 1997, the worlds 225 richest people had a
  combined wealth of over 1 trillion, equal to the
  wealth of 47 of the worlds population.
• Average MDC person consumes six times as much
  grain fish and fresh water, ten times as much
  energy and timber, 13 times as much iron and
  steel, 18 times as many chemicals

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Environmental Impacts of Inequality

• Affluent are best able to afford higher prices
  and or energy taxes or to purchase energy
  efficient cars, homes etc.
• Environmental justice poor and minorities are
  disproportionately impacted by toxic waste sites.

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Sustainable Development or a Sustainable Society

• meets the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs (World Commission on
  Environment and Development, 1987)

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The Future Limits to Growth

• 1972- Club of Rome research group argued that on
  a global basis, the whole of humanity will
  replicate the more limited ecological crash
  experience of the Mayans and the Mesopotamians.
• Argued that the combination of population growth,
  exponentially growing per capita economic
  productivity and consumption, and pollution would
  eventually overburden the subsistence base for
  human societies.
• Early 1970s was also a period of many current
  environmental laws and agencies Environmental
  Protection Agency, Endangered Species Act, Clean
  Air Act, Clean Water Act

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Your ecological footprint

• ecological footprint-biologically productive land
  and water required to produce the resources
  consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated
  by a given human population.
• Calculation that humans need 2.1 hectares (around
  5 acres) on average.
• US-12.2 hectares, 6.3 for Germany, 1.8 for china,
  .6 for Bangladesh

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Does Affluence Buy Happiness?

• Is there a relationship between affluence and
  happiness? Very small overall differences in the
  reported happiness found in very rich and very
  poor countries.although the upper classes in
  every society tend to be happier than the poor.
• Since the 1950s Americans have nearly doubled
  their consumption, both in terms of GNP and
  personal consumption expenses per capita. Yet
  the percentage of Americans who report themselves
  to be very happy peaked in 1957 and ha slowly
  declined since that timeexcept for the poor,
  link between increasing wealth and happiness is
  not all clear.