Mood Disorders

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Mood Disorders

• Kimberley Clow
• kclow2_at_uwo.ca
• http//instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/155b/

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Outline

• What are mood disorders?
• Depression
• Mania
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder
• Causes
• Treatment

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Thoughts

• Have you ever felt sad, pessimistic, or
  worthless?
• Have you ever felt like a failure?
• Last year, there were 6,303,776 injuries causing
  limitations to normal activity for people aged
  20-34
• Divorce rates are on the rise
• 1/1000 divorce in the first year
• 5.1 in the second year
• 17 in the third year
• 23.6 in the fourth year

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The Moods

• Depression
• A low, miserable, unhappy mood
• Feelings of worthlessness, and pessimism
• Altered sleep and appetite
• Inability to experience pleasure

• Mania
• Extremely high or agitated mood
• Person feels excessively and unrealistically
  positive
• Feelings of elation and a strong sense of
  pleasure
• Grandiose ideas
• Hyperactive

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Depression

• Depressing Facts
• 1 in 5 adults will experience depression
• Emotional Symptoms
• Depressed or Dysphoric Mood
• Anhedonia
• Physical Symptoms
• Somatic Complaints
• Motor Retardation
• Sleep Disturbances
• Weight Loss

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Cognitive Symptoms

• Distorted Thinking
• All or Nothing Thinking
• Overgeneralization
• Mental Filter
• Disqualifying the Positive
• Jumping to Conclusions
• Emotional Reasoning
• Personalization
• Pessimistic, self-critical thinking often leads
  to thoughts of suicide

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Suicide

• Different Types
• Death Seekers
• Death Initiators
• Death Ignorers
• Death Darers
• Warning Signs
• Gender Differences

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Psychotic Symptoms

• Seen in the most severely depressed individuals
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Relation to Depression
• Mood Congruent
• Symptoms are consistent with the person's
  depressed thinking
• Mood Incongruent
• Symptoms are inconsistent with the person's
  depressed thinking

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Course of Major Depressive Disorder

• The average duration of an untreated episode of
  depression is between 8 and 10 months
• Cyclical disorder
• Rarely experience just 1 episode
• The episode is usually triggered by a major life
  stressor
• Major depressive disorder can begin at any age
• Most typical during the mid-twenties

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Variants

• Dysthyic Disorder
• Symptoms less severe
• More chronic form of depression
• Double Depression
• Person suffers Dysthymia and Unipolar Depression
• Dysthymia develops first
• Major Depressive episode occurs later

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Mania

• The Facts
• 10-20 who suffer a depressive episode develop
  bipolar disorder
• Gender Differences
• Emotional Symptoms
• Inflated Self-Esteem
• Elation or Irritation
• Physical Symptoms
• Decreased need for sleep
• Cognitive Symptoms
• Distractible
• Goal Directed Behaviour

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Bipolar Disorder

• Characterized by
• Periods of depression alternating with mania
• Bipolar I or Bipolar II
• Possible
• Mixed Episodes
• Rapid Cycling
• Variants
• Hypomania
• Cyclothymic

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Bipolar vs. Depression

• Gender
• Gender equality
• Age
• Similar onset
• SES
• High SES
• Stress
• Little effect

• Gender
• More women
• Age
• Similar onset
• SES
• Equal opportunity
• Stress
• Triggers Worsens

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Biological Factors

• Depression and mania tend to be episodic in
  nature
• Many of the symptoms are disruptions in vital
  bodily functions
• sleep, eating, and sexual activity
• Disorders run in families
• Can be induced by drugs

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Cognitive Behavioural Factors
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Aaron Beck
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Diathesis-Stress Model

• Onset or relapse of depression is more likely
  following a major loss
• Death, divorce, loss of self-worth related to
  unemployment
• Trauma and stress not enough to predict
  depression
• Need to consider the context and the meaning of
  the event
• Supportive context vs lack of support
• Catastrophic interpretations

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Psychoanalysis

• Depression due to real or symbolic loss
• Failure to properly grieve
• Caused by fixation in the oral stage

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Treatment

• Drug Therapy
• Have you heard of Prozac or Paxil?
• Alleviate Depression
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
• Linked to suicide!
• Have you heard of Lithium?
• Alleviate Bipolar Disorder
• Increases reuptake of norepinephrine
• Toxic!

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
What Works Best?
CBT Cognitive Behavioural Therapy