DATABASE SYSTEMS

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DATABASE SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

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2
Database System Introduction

• Database Management System (DBMS)
• Contains a large bodies of information
• Collection of interrelated data (database)
• Set of programs to access the data
• Goal of a DBMS
• provides a way to store and retrieve database
  information
• convenient and
• efficient

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Database System Introduction (cont.)

• Functions of DBMS Management of Data (MOD)
• Defining structure for storage data
• Proving mechanisms for manipulation of data
• Ensure safety of data (system crashes,
  unauthorized access, misused, )
• Concurrent control in multi-user environment
• Computer Scientists
• Developed a lot of concepts and techniques for
  MOD
• Concepts and techniques form the focus of this
  course

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Contents

• Introduction
• Why Database Systems?
• An Architecture for a Database System
• Data Models
• Components of a Database System
• How to establish a Database System?
• Discussion and Remarks
• Extending Database Technology
• Data Structure and Database ?????
• Research on Database

5
0.1 Why Database Systems?

• Conventional Data Processing techniques

6

• 0.1 Why Database Systems?
• File System

7
0.1 Why Database Systems? File System
Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages File Systems are simple in design
• Disadvantages
• Data Redundancy
• a waste of memory
• high update cost
• data inconsistency
• Data Incompleteness
• Data Insecure
• Application Program Unstable
• file system (application program)
• data changed data structure changed
• program changed

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0.1 Why Database Systems? Solution Database
Systems!!

• Objectives of Database Systems
• eliminate unnecessary data redundancy
• maintain data integrity
• control security
• achieve data independence
• add program stability

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0.2 Architecture for a Database System View 1
DBMS Components
SQL Select S, P from S, P where..
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0.2 Architecture for a Database System View 2
Three Tiers
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0.2 Architecture for a Database System View 3
Users View vs. Internal
Scan figure
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0.2 Architecture for a Database System View 4
DBA vs. Programmers
Scan figure
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0.3 Data Models

• Hierarchical Data Model
• Network Data Model
• Relational Data Model
• Object-Oriented Data Model

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Hierarchical Data Model
Course
Title
Course
Offering
PreReq
Prereq.
Off.
Date
Location
Teacher
Student
Emp.
Name
Grade
Emp.
Name
15
Network Data Model
S
P
S SNAME STATUS CITY
P-SP
S-SP
(Links)
SP
QTY
16
300 200 400 200 100 100 300 400 200
200 300 400
The Network Model Sample Values
P
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P1
SP
S1 P1 300 S2 P1 300 S2 P2 400 -- --
---
S
S3
S4
S5
S1 Smith 20 London
S2
17
Relational Data Model Codd70

• System R
  
• DB2
  
• INGRES
• Oracle
• Informix
• ACCESS

S1 Smith 20 London S2 Jones
10 Paris S3
S4

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Object-Oriented Data Model
Person
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0.4 Components of a Database System

• DDL (Data Definition Language)
• DML (Data Manipulation Language)
• Data Dictionary
• Utility Routines

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0.4 Components of a Database System DDL (Data
Definition Language)

• CREATE TABLE S
• (S CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
• SNAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
• STATUS SMALLINT NOT NULL,
• CITY CHAR(15) NOT NULL,
• PRIMARY KEY (S))
• ALTER TABLE S ADD DISCOUNT SMALLINT
• DROP TABLE S
• CREATE INDEX XSC ON S (CITY)
• CREATE UNIQUE INDEX X ON S (S)
• DROP INDEX XSC

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0.4 Components of a Database System DML (Data
Manipulation Language)

• SELECT S, STATUS
• FROM S
• WHERE CITYPARIS
• UPDATE S
• SET STATUS 2STATUS
• WHERE CITYLONDON
• DELETE
• FROM S
• WHERE S S5
• INSERT
• INTO S (S, SNAME, STATUS, CITY)
• VALUES(S6,TSENG,100,HSINCHU)

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0.4 Components of a Database System Data
Dictionary
Application Program
9
Request
return
Working Area
1
8
7
6
2
DBMS
System Buffer
Data Dictionary
3
5
OS
4
Secondary Memory Database
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0.4 Components of a Database System Utility
Routines

• Loading Routines
• Reorganization Routines
• Journalizing routines (log)
• Database Dump Routines
• Recovery Routines
• Statistical Analysis Routines

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0.5 How to Establish a Database System?

• STEP 1 Database Design
• Logical database vs. physical database
• Collect data of applications
• Analyze data to eliminate redundancy (using
  normalization theory and E-R Model)
• Describe data in the specific Data Model the DBMS
  use.
• Describe each schema in DDL
• STEP 2 Implementation
• schema
• data
• SETP3Evaluation and Correction (by DBA)
• tuning
• statistical analysis

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0.6 Discussion and Remarks

• Advantages of database systems
• redundancy can be reduced
• Inconsistency can be avoid
• Data can be shared
• Standards can be enforced
• Security restrictions can be applied
• Integrity can be maintained
• Provision of data independence
• Disadvantages of database systems
• Database design and control is a complicated
  matter.

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0.7 Extending Database Technology

• Expert Database Systems
• Knowledge-base Management Systems
• AI DB
• Image Database Systems
• Intelligent Pictorial Databases
• Image DB
• Object-Oriented Database Systems
• OO Programming DB
• Multimedia Database
• Text Voice Image .. DB
• Multidatabases
• Integrate heterogeneous /homogeneous
• database systems

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Extending Database Technology

• Real-time Database Systems
• Real-time Tech. DB
• Video Database Systems
• MPEG DB
• Digital Library
• Library DB
• Bioinformatic Database Systems
• Biological DB

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0.8 DS and Database ?????
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Sorting, Hashing, ????, web, ????
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????? (???)

• Chapter 1 Introduction
• Chapter 2 Entity-Relationship Model
• Chapter 3 Relational Model
• Chapter 4 SQL
• Chapter 5 Other Relational Languages
• Chapter 6 Integrity Constraints
• Chapter 7 Relational Database Design

• References
• 1. Silberschatz etc, Database System
  Concepts, 5th edition, McGraw Hill, 2006

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????? (????)

• Unit 1 Sorting (DS. Chapter 7)
• Unit 2 Hashing (DS. Chapter 8)
• Unit 3 Heap Structure (DS. Chapter 9)
• Unit 4 Searching Structure (DS. Chapter 10)
• Unit 5 XML (DBMS Chapter 10)
• Unit 6 Storage and File Structure (DBMS Chapter
  11)
• Unit 7 Indexing and Hashing (DBMS Chapter 12)

• References
• 1. A. Silberschatz, etc, Database System
  Concepts, 5th edition, McGraw Hill, 2006
• 2. E. Horowitz, etc. Fundamentals of Data
  Structures,

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? ?
????? (???)

• PART 0 Basic Concepts
• Chapter 0 Overview
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• PART 1 RELATIONAL DATABASES
• Chapter 2 Relational Model
• Chapter 3 SQL
• Chapter 4 Advanced SQL
• PART 2 DATABASE DESIGN
• Chapter 6 Database Design and the E-R Model
  
• Chapter 7 Relational Database Design
• Chapter 8 Application Design and
  Development
• PART 4 DATA STORAGE AND QUERYING
• Chapter 11 Storage and File Structure
• Chapter 12 Indexing and Hashing

• Text Book A. Silberschatz etc, Database System
  Concepts, 5th edition, McGraw Hill, 2006

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??????? (????)

• Unit 1 Introduction to DBMS
• Unit 2 DB2 and SQL
• Unit 3 The Relational Model
• Unit 4 The Hierarchical Model
• Unit 5 The Network Model
• Unit 6 Access Methods
• Unit 7 Logical Database Design
• Unit 8 Database Recovery
• Unit 9 Concurrency Control
• Unit 10 Security and Integrity
• Unit 11 Query Optimization
• Unit 12 Distributed Database

• References
• 1. C. J. Date, An Introduction to
  Database Systems, 8th edition, 2004.
• 2. J. D. Ullman, Principles of Database
  and Knowledge-Base, Vol.I, 1988.
• 3. Cited papers

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??????? II (???)

• Unit 13 Object-oriented Database
• Unit 14 Logic-Based Database
• Unit 15 Image Database
• Unit 16 Multimedia Database
• Unit 17 Multidatabase
• Unit 18 Real-time Database
• Unit 19 Parallel Database
• Unit 20 Temporal Database
• Unit 21 Active Database
• Unit 22 Bioinformatic Database
• Unit 23 .

• References
• Cited papers from Journals and conferences

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GenBank Database Growth
35
Protein Database Growth
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Entrez

• Developed at NCBI, freely available and allow for
  integrated access to PubMed records, nucleotide
  and protein sequence data and 3D structure
  information
• http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez

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0.9 Research on Database

• Level 5 Doing Research
• Level 4 Survey Papers Special Topics (Unit 13 -
  )
• Level 3 DBMS Advanced Topics
• (Unit 7 12)
• Date, Vol. 1, 2
• Ullman
• Level 2 DBMS Fundamentals
• (Unit 1 6)
• Date, Vol. 1
• Using DB2,
• Project Design a mini DBMS
• Level 1 Using DBMS

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Where to find Database papers?

• Journals
• ACM Trans. On Database Systems (TODS)
• IEEE Trans. On Software Engineering (TOSE)
• IEEE Trans. On Knowledge and Data Engineering
• ACM Trans. On Office Information Systems (TOOIS)
• Journal of Information Science and Engineering
• Conferences
• VLDB (Very Large Data Base)
• ACM SIGMOD
• PODS (Principal of Database Systems)
• IEEE Data Engineering
• NCS, ICS (National/International Computer
  Symposium)

Taiwan
Taiwan
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DATABASE SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
Q A

• Why Database Systems?
• An Architecture for a Database System
• Data Models
• Components of a Database System
• How to establish a Database System?
• Discussion and Remarks
• Extending Database Technology
• Data Structure and Database ?????
• Research on Database