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Ecology and Ecosystems

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Ecology= Interactions among organisms AND between organisms and their ... Shark eats squid which eats small fish, which eats zooplankton, which eats algae. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ecology and Ecosystems


1
Ecology and Ecosystems
  • What is Ecology

2
Ecology and Biospheres
  • Ecology Interactions among organisms AND between
    organisms and their environment.
  • Biosphere Contains the combined portions of the
    planet in which all life exists including
  • Land
  • Water
  • Air or Atmosphere

3
Ecosystem
4
Species, Populations Communities
  • Species Group of organisms so similar to one
    another that they can breed produce fertile
    offspring
  • Populations Groups of individuals that belong to
    the same species
  • Communities Groups of different populations that
    live together in a defined area
  • Also the simplest grouping of more than one kind
    of organism in the biosphere

5
Population VS Community
6
Ecological Methods
  • Observing First step in asking ecological
    questions
  • EX What are species like here? How many
    individuals of each species are here?
  • Experimenting Used to test hypotheses.
  • EX setting up artificial ecosystem or conduct
    experiments in natural ecosystem
  • Modeling Used to look at large scale ecological
    phenomena. Many consist of mathematical formulas.
  • EX A mathematical formula used to look at
    population fluctuations in a community

7
Energy Flow
  • Sunlight is the main energy source for life
  • Some types of organisms rely on energy stored in
    inorganic chemical compounds
  • EX Archaebacteria chemosynthetic bacteria
  • Autotrophs/ProducersCapture energy from sunlight
    and or chemicals and use that energy to produce
    food.
  • EX Plants, some algae, and certain bacteria

8
Everything Starts with the Sun!!!!
9
Energy Sources
  • Photosynthesis Autotrophs use sunlight to
    convert carbon dioxide and water into energy
    (Sugars and Carbohydrates) Releases oxygen into
    the air.
  • EX Trees, grasses, algae
  • Chemosynthesis Autotrops use chemical energy to
    produce carbohydrates and oxygen
  • EX Bacteria that live in volcanic vents hot
    springs

10
Consumers
  • Heterotrophs/Consumers Organisms that rely on
    other organisms for their energy and food supply
  • 4 Types of Heterotrophs
  • Herbivores Eat plants EX Caterpillars, deer
  • Carnivores Eat meat EX snakes, dogs, owls
  • Omnivores Eat plants meat EX Humans, bears
  • Detrivores Eat plant animal remains EX Worms,
    crabs, snails, mites
  • Decomposers Break down organic matter EX
    Bacteria and fungi

11
Feeding Relationships
  • Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
    direction
  • From the sun or inorganic compound to autotrops
    and then to heterotrophs
  • Food Chain Series of steps in which organisms
    transfer energy by eating being eaten
  • EX Shark eats squid which eats small fish,
    which eats zooplankton, which eats algae.
  • Food Web ecological model of relationships that
    form a network of complex feeding interactions
    among organisms in a community from producers to
    decomposers.
  • EX feeding relationships in a salt marsh
    community

12
Food Web- Complex Relationships
13
Another Food Web- Notice the competition among
organisms
14
Feeding Relationships Cont..
  • Trophic Level Each step in a food chain or food
    web
  • Producers 1st trophic level
  • Consumers 2nd, 3rd, and higher trophic levels

15
Figure 53.10 Examples of terrestrial and marine
food chains
16
Ecological Pyramids
  • Ecological Pyramid Diagram showing the transfer
    of energy or matter in each trophic level of a
    food chain or web
  • Biomass The total amount of living tissue within
    a given trophic level

17
Energy Pyramid (J Joules) OR Amount of energy
available
18
Biomass Pyramid (Amount of Available Tissue)
19
Numbers Pyramid ( of Individual Organisms at
Each Level
20
Food Available to Humans Herbivores(Vegetarians)
Vs. Carnivores
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