FACIAL AND EYE BEHAVIOR

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FACIAL AND EYEBEHAVIOR
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http//www.dotolearn.com/games/facialexpressions/f
ace.htm
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CHARLES DARWIN

• suggested that the facial expressions of an
  emotion are not developed independently in each
  culture. Rather they are biologically determined.

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SYNCHRONY

• Facial expressions/eye behavior are added to the
  other nonverbal areas
• We tend to believe the facial expressions/eye
  behavior over other areas
• Concept of Immediacy
• behaviors that indicate greater closeness or
  liking

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HIGH IMMEDIACY INCLUDES

• Forward lean, direct body orientation, relaxed
  posture
• closer proximity
• more eye gaze
• openness of arms and body
• positive facial and vocal expressions
• increased touching

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COMPRISED OF

• 44 MUSCLES
• 22 ON EITHER SIDE OF FACE
• 10,000 FACIAL EXPRESSION
• 3,000 OF THESE CONVEY EMOTION

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SITES FOR EXPRESSIONS

• TOP HALF
• because of the eyes
• sadness
• fear
• surprise

• LOWER HALF
• because of the mouth
• happiness
• anger
• disgust

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FACE IS PRIMARY SITE FOR

• communication of emotional states
• interpersonal attitudes
• feedback
• information after human speech

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SENSORY DEPRIVATION

• EIBL-EIBESFELDT
• Studied deaf/blind children
• Do not demonstrate subtle gradations in
  expressions
• Expressions are more restricted or restrained
• Facial blends are absent

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PRIMATE STUDIES

• Similarities in mating, grooming, avoiding pain,
  rearing children, cooperating in groups, etc.
• Lack of facial blends
• Human expressions may have developed from
  noncommunicative behaviors like attacking
• See Maslows Hierarchy

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MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Self actualization Esteem Social Safety
and security Physical
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DEVELOPMENT

• Full scanning
• 6 months
• 12 months
• Subtle responses, blends, etc.

• FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

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DEVELOPMENT

• Mother child interaction
• Cultural influences

• EYE BEHAVIOR

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MULTICULTURAL STUDIES

• Facial emblems
• Cultures determine rules and norms
• Example, eye-brow flash.
• Universality of facial expressions
• happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and
  surprise

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ASPECTS OF FACE

• We have control over our expressions
• We are aware of the communication potential
• We monitor them carefully inhibiting and
  exhibiting when desired
• We dont often portray pure or single emotional
  states

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• blends
• one emotion in one area, another in another
• two emotions in one part of the face
• These can be micromomentary

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DISPLAY RULES

• De-intensify an effect
• Neutralize an effect
• Overintensify an effect
• Mask

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FUNCTIONS OF EYE

• cognitive
• look away while encoding
• monitoring
• conclusion of thought, check attention and
  reaction
• regulatory
• demand or suppress response
• expressive
• involvement or arousal

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EYE MOVEMENT

• downward
• modesty, low power
• wide eyes
• frankness, wonder, naivete or terror
• raised upper eyelids
• displeasure
• immobile facial muscles, constant stare
• coldness
• rolled upward eyes
• fatigue, other is weird

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EYE GAZING

• meaning attributed to various gaze patterns
• seems to reflect the message of senders mood,
  intent or disposition

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AMOUNT OF GAZING

• 15
• rated as cold, pessimistic, cautious, defensive,
  immature, evasive, submissive, indifferent and
  sensitive
• little
• anxiety, dominance
• 80
• friendly, self-confident, natural, mature, sincere

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FACTORS

• Power
• establish dominance, then diminish
• used when authority is challenged
• control the gazing patterns
• Gender
• women gaze more than men in both talking and
  listening
• F/F dyads more than M/M and M/F
• females changed in the M/F, not the males

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• Personality
• extroverts seems to gaze more frequently and for
  longer periods of time
• good predictor of aggressiveness

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INTERACTION MANAGEMENT

• Channel control
• open mouth, inspiration of breath
• eyebrow flash
• smile to indicate closure
• Complimenting behavior
• underline--magnify or support
• lack--minimize

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• Replacing
• occurs in context which would likely not trigger
  the actual emotion, hold for longer or shorter
  time than the actual expression and usually use
  only a part of the face
• drop jaw and hold mouth open
• wide eye-surprise
• disgust

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INTERACTION MANAGEMENT

• Regulating
• visual contact when we signal channel is open
• mutual in greeting sequences, diminished at end
• while adult speakers generally look less often
  than listeners
• speakers glance at grammatical breaks, end of a
  thought unit or idea, end of utterance. Used to
  yield turn, or obtain feedback, if other will let
  us continue

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• Monitor feedback
• gaze when seeking feedback
• looking away usually means other is listening
• If told partner looks at one less, rate the
  partner lower on attentiveness
• look away when processing difficult or complex
  ideas, when dealing with reflective, rather than
  factual questions

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NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP

• Status
• moderate with high status addressee, maximized
  with moderately high status addressee, minimal
  with low status addressee
• high status may not feel need to monitor others
  as much as other feel need to monitor
• Rewarding
• gaze for positive rewards, low gaze on unpleasant

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• Relationship
• gaze at those we like
• mutual with those who like us, for approval and
  friendliness
• desire a more intimate relationship
• Aggression, hostility
• gaze may produce anxiety in others
• longer than 10 seconds may induce irritation
• also can be accomplished by ignoring

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FINAL THOUGHTS

• Gazing increases as the people increase the
  distance between then, a psychological reduction
• Physically disabled gaze the same as others,
  non-disabled just gaze less