Human in the Biosphere

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Chapter 6

• Human in the Biosphere

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Chapter 6 Concept Map
Biodiversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Extinctionexamples
Invasive Species/Exotic Speciesexamples
Threatened Speciesexamples
Endangered Speciesexamples
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Chapter 6 Concept Map continued.
Genetic Diversity from 1st map
Habitat Fragmentation
Edge Effect
Habitat degradation
DDT
Algal Blooms
Acid Precipitation
Biological Magnification
Ozone layer
CFC
Global Warming
Smog
Pollutant
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Chapter Concept Map
Conservation Biology
Sustainable use
U.S. Endangered Species Act (include President
and year)
Habitat Corridors
Aquaculture
Renewable
Soil eroision
Nonrenewable
Reintroduction Programs
humus
Captivity
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Vanishing Species

• Biodiversity Sum total of the genetically based
  variety of all organisms in the biosphere
• The variety of life in an area
• Tropical regions contain over 2/3 of all animal
  species
• One of Earths greatest natural resources

http//www.divetrip.com/galapgos/galapgal.htm
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Vanishing Species

• Ecosystem Diversity
• includes the variety of habitats, communities and
  ecological processes in the living world
• Species Diversity
• number of species in the biosphere
• Genetic Diversity
• sum total of all the different forms of genetic
  information carried on by all organisms

http//tropicaltreefarms.com/
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Vanishing Species

• Island Biodiversity The larger the island, the
  greater the biodiversity.
• Assuming the islands are in the same biome
  (tropical rain forest, tundra, etc.) this almost
  always holds true.

http//www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/gall
eries/biodiversity/index.html
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Vanishing Species

• Why is it important to retain biodiversity in
  nature?
• Food chains and food webs cannot exist without
  it.
• For example, if there is only one producer or
  herbivore in an ecosystem, and that species dies,
  there will be no species to take its place and
  the food web will collapse.

http//www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0001-
0309-2612-2932.html
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Vanishing Species

• Why is it important for humans to retain
  biodiversity?
• The more species that exist, the more food we
  have to eat.
• The more species that exist, the more drugs we
  will have access to- and we may not even know it
  yet!
• Penicillin, Quinine, a cure for cancer?? AIDS??

http//www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0001-
0209-0121-0016.html
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Vanishing Species

• Extinction The complete disappearance of a
  species from the face of the Earth.
• Happens naturally
• Passenger Pigeon
• Happens because humans make it happen.
• Tasmanian Wolf
• Stellars Sea Cow

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Vanishing Species

• Threatened Species What a species is considered
  when a population declines rapidly.
• African Elephants- went from 3 million to 700,000
  in 20 years.
• Endangered Species When numbers of a species get
  so low that extinction is a possibility.
• Black Rhinoceros- Killed for horns which are used
  in medicines or for knife handles

http//www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0012-
0301-1514-4826.html
http//www.lpzoo.com/tour/factsheets/mammals/blk_r
hino.html
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Vanishing Species

• Habitat Loss Destruction of habitats.
• A forest becomes a parking lot
• A rain forest becomes a hotel complex
• A pond is dried up so that an office building can
  be built.
• ? ? ?The biggest threat to biodiversity! ? ? ?

http//www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0018-
0310-1813-2806.html
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Vanishing Species

• Habitat Fragmentation The separation of
  wilderness areas from other wilderness areas.
• A road comes through a habitat
• Snows Cut
• A dam is built
• Can prohibit migration

http//www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0027-
0312-1217-0544.html
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Vanishing Species

• Edge Effect Edges of an ecosystem are negatively
  effected by habitat destruction.
• Ex. A rainforest is partially cleared and the
  edges of the remaining forest dry out.
• Ex. A building is placed next to habitat where
  wind is important to pollinate plants. The
  building blocks the wind and plants on the edge
  of the habitat (next to the building) cannot
  reproduce.

http//www.junglephotos.com/conservation/deforesta
tion/lonehut.html
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5.1 Vanishing Species

• Habitat Degradation The damage to a habitat by
  pollution.
• 3 types air, water, and land pollution.
• Pollutant a harmful material that can enter the
  biosphere through the land, water or air.
• Acid Precipitation Rain, snow, sleet, or fog
  with low pH values (acidic).
• Car exhaust and burning of fossil fuels causes
  precip. To become acidic.
• Smog
• Think Water Cycle!

http//www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0027-
0312-2707-4139.html
http//www.ggw.org/RochesterEnvironment/acid_rain.
htm
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Vanishing Species

• Ozone Layer Layer of O3 (3 oxygen atoms attached
  to each other) that helps protect the Earth and
  everything on it from the suns harmful
  ultraviolet radiation.
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) are the major culprit
  in the destruction of the ozone layer.
• Results deformities in animals, skin cancer
  increases, etc.
• Global Warming increase in the average
  temperature of the biosphere.

http//www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part1.html
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Vanishing Species

• Water Pollution Largely fertilizer runoff and
  animal waste.
• Also can be spilled oil or chemicals from
  factories or oil tankers.
• Includes physical pollution such as trash and
  abandoned nets that kill large fish.
• Biological Magnification concentrations of a
  harmful substance increase in organisms at higher
  trophic levels

http//www.co.snohomish.wa.us/publicwk/swm/wq/Comm
onWQProbs.htmmanure
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Vanishing Species

• Land Pollution Largely garbage produced everyday
  by people such as you and me.
• Landfills cause habitat destruction
• Pesticides such as DDT caused many problems
• Insects that lived had DDT in their system
• Birds ate the insects
• Egg shells became thin and ineffective
• Baby birds died frequently, populations declined
• DDT was eventually banned
• Rachel Carson 1962Silent Spring

http//www.csun.edu/vceed002/BFI/sunshine.htmlph
otograph
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Vanishing Species

• Invasive/Exotic Species Species not native to a
  particular area, but now live and thrive in their
  new environment.
• Can be very harmful to their new surroundings.
• Can grow exponentially because they have no
  predators.
• Can take over other animals niches, causing
  possible endangerment or extinction.
• Ex. Rabbits or pigs in Australia

http//piratesvsninjas.typepad.com/photos/lara/kud
zu.html
KUDZU!!!
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Conservation of Biodiversity

• Conservation Biology A new field of science that
  studies methods and implements plans to protect
  biodiversity.
• Based on principles of ecology.
• Protection of land and the animals that live on
  the land.
• Need to understand laws, politics, sociology, and
  economics.
• Describes the wise management of natural
  resources.

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Conservation of Biodiversity

• U.S. Endangered Species Act Signed into law in
  1973 by Richard Nixon, this law made it illegal
  to harm any species on the threatened or
  endangered species list.
• CITES Bans international trade in products
  derived from a list of endangered species.

http//www.nature.com/nsu/031222/031222-2.html
http//www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/PR3/Turtles/turt
les.html
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Conservation of Biodiversity

• Parks and Recreation Habitats are preserved when
  land is turned into a park or wildlife refuge.
• Only 6 of Earths land surface is protected this
  way.
• Sustainable Use Letting people use resources on
  this protected land in such a way that no
  habitats are destroyed and no species are
  negatively affected.

http//www.main.nc.us/graham/hiking/joycekil.html
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Conservation Biology

• Classifying Resources
• Renewable
• can regenerate if they are alive or be
  replenished
• ex H2O
• Nonrenewable
• cannot be replenished by natural processes
• ex coal, oil and natural gas

http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html
http//www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html
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Conservation of Biodiversity

• Habitat Corridors Natural strips of land that
  connect two protected areas.
• Created by people that are trying to preserve
  migratory routes or natural habitats of species
  in an area.

"It is our ethicalresponsibility to save the
animal and plant species from the terrible
finality of extinction. If we are to succeed, we
must save their habitat."
http//www.earthvoice.org/animal.habitat/habitat.c
orridors.htm
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Conservation of Biodiversity

• Reintroduction Programs When a species goes
  extinct in a certain area and ecologists
  reintroduce the species to that area.
• These animals still may exist in other parts of
  the world, or in captivity.
• Ex. Swift Fox from population video, California
  Condor, Brown Pelicans.
• Ex. Ginkgo trees kept in captivity by Chinese
  Monks and reintroduced years later into all parts
  of the world

The Mexican Gray Wolf Recovery Program
http//www.cpluhna.nau.edu/Change/reintroduction.h
tm
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Important Study Tips!

• Island Biodiversity
• Importance of Biodiversity
• Threatened/Endangered Species
• Habitat Loss/Fragmentation/Degradation
• Edge Effect
• Pollution (Water, Land, Air)
• U.S. Endangered Species Act
• 6 of land goes to preservation
• Habitat Corridors
• Reintroduction Programs