Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology Seventh Edition

1
Crime Victims An Introduction to
VictimologySeventh Edition

• By Andrew Karmen
• Chapter Eleven
• Additional Groups of Victims with Special Problems

2
Date Rapes on Campuses

• Maximalist Position vs. Minimalist Position
• Epidemic occurrences
• Least reported of all crimes
• Not counting accurately
• Difference between sexual assault and consensual
  sex
• Need for more workshops for incoming freshmen on
  dating and intimacy

3
Campus Rape Surveys

• 3,000 female students32 colleges, 1987
• 17 attempted or completed acquaintance rape per
  year
• Less than 5 reported to police
• 5 sought assistance from rape crisis center
• 50 of cases told no one
• 84 knew the victim
• 57 were on a date
• Most incidents occurred off-campus

4
Drug-Facilitated Date Rape

• Males surreptitiously administer club
  drugspopular during early 90s
• RohypnolRoofies
• GHBLiquid ecstasy
• MDMAEcstasy
• KetamineSpecial K
• Large doses induce sedation and temporary
  amnesiamore so when used with alcohol
• Can result in loss of consciousness

5
Drug-Facilitated Date Rape

• Maximalists define date rape drug as any
  substance that renders the user incapable of
  saying no or asserting herself
• Drug-Induced Rape Prevention Act of 1996 imposed
  stiff penalties for sale or possession
• Education programs for awareness

6
Drug-Facilitated Date Rape

• Minimalists question the scourge
• Study in Great Britain reflected most date rapes
  were about binge drinking alone or combined with
  recreational drug use
• Women playing the victim to avoid
  responsibility
• Even minimalists agree males should not take
  advantage of women when under the influence

7
Campus Violence

• College campuses are relatively safe
• Property crimes far more prevalent than violent
  crimes
• See Table 11.1, page 306 Crimes Committed on
  Campus

8
Crimes Committed at Schools

• See Table 11.2, page 309
• Non-reporting continues to be a problem
• Murders most accurately counted
• See Figure 11.1, page 310
• Youngsters slain at school1 of total youth
  killings
• 200521 school aged children slain on school
  grounds while approx 1500 murdered other locations

9
Victims of Workplace Violence

• Workplace Violence terms coined in 89
• Going Postal became common term
• Four Different threat assessment strategies
• Reduce odds intruder can come into workplace
• Prevent outside disputes from coming into
  workplace
• Protect employees who deal with irate customers,
  unruly students, disturbed patients and inmates
• Safeguard employees from disgruntled current or
  former employees

10
Victims of Workplace Violence

• Being Killed on the Job
• Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
• Police/Detectives
• Being Assaulted on the Job
• Law enforcement jobs
• Workers in mental health field
• College Professorsafest job

11
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers

• The term stalker was coined in the 80s
• California established first anti-stalking
  legislation in 1990 By 1994, all states had
  criminalized stalking practices.
• Two Types of Stalking
• Celebrity stalking relatively rare
• Prior relationship stalking more common
• Very few stalking charges nationally each year
• Most victims are women and offenders are
  ex-husbands and ex-boyfriends who are jealous and
  possessive

12
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers

• Elements of Stalking Crime
• 1. Victim has reasonable fear of death or great
  bodily injury
• 2. Credible threat of violence

13
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers

• Nationwide SurveyStalking during lifetime
• 1 out of every 12 women
• 1 out of every 45 men
• Most targets were female78
• Most perpetrators were male87

14
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers

• Self Protective Measures
• Report crime
• Keep corroborating evidence
• Get restraining order
• Unlisted phone
• Trap incoming calls
• Change locks
• Vary daily routine
• Move if necessary

15
Cyberstalking

• Online harassmentonline abusecyber harassment
• Use of internet or electronic communications to
  pass along threats
• Police often lack resources to investigate
• Multi-jurisdictional task forces work cases
• Prosecutors lack resources to prosecute
• Only 16 of prosecutor offices nationwide charged
  someone in 2001

16
Officers Injured/Killed in Line of Duty

• As the first line of defense for the social
  order, law enforcement agents serve as a
  lightning rod, attracting and absorbing the bolts
  of discontent emanating from alienated
  individuals and hostile groups within
  society.Author
• Often considered to be the most heinous of all
  crimes and usually punishable by death in most
  states

17
Officers Injured/Killed in Line of Duty

• Number of deaths peaked in 1979, dropped in the
  80s, and then became fairly stable
• See Trends Graph, Figure 11.3, page 324 (covers
  1973-2007)
• Most Likely to be Killed
• Easy going and good natured
• Less inclined to use force in situations
  involving mentally ill or armed person
• Involved in some kind or procedural miscue

18
Officers Injured/Killed in Line of Duty

• Statistical Portrait of Murdered Officers
• 95 were males
• 84 were white
• 70 less than 40 years old
• 54 working in Southern U.S.
• 93 killed by gunfire
• 55 were wearing protective body armor

19
Victims of Bias/Hate Crimes

• Crimes motivated by hate for a particular group
• 1990 enacted Hate Crimes Statistics Act
• FBI to gather data annually on bias
  crimes
• 2006 FBI reported 9,650 hate crimes
• 53 racial motivationmainly against blacks
• 13 ethnic motivationmainly Jewish
• 18 religious intolerance
• 16 sexual preference
• 75 of law enforcement agencies report hate/bias
  crimes nationally

20
Criminal Justice Reforms Hate/Bias Crimes

• Since 80s there are stiffer penalties
• By 2000, most agencies had specially trained
  units to investigate hate/bias crimes
• Not all states protect homosexuals
• Recent legislation provides for civil remedies
• States hesitant to protect homosexuals to give
  appearance of endorsement of lifestyle
• Hate crimes on college campus virtually non-
  existent

21
Terrorism

• Violence taking form of bombing, assassination,
  kidnapping for ransom, hostage taking, and
  skyjacking
• FBI reports 1980-Sept 2001
• 348 incidents in U.S. suspected
• 259 verified
• Majority committed by domestic groups

22
Terrorism

• 1995 Oklahoma City bombing was worst terrorist
  incident pre-9/11.
• Sept 11, 2001 Trade TowerAl Qaeda killed 2,838
  in Towers, 189 at Pentagon, and 44 in
  Pennsylvania plane crash
• See Figure 11.5, page 330 Casualties of
  Terrorism
• Compensation of 9/11 Victims
• Set precedent for future and past terrorist
  victims?

23
Key Terms
Stalking Cyberstalking
Bias crime Hate crime
Bias incidents Suspected terrorist attacks
Confirmed terrorist attacks Domestic terrorism
International terrorism Preventions