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Registration online

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• ?????1?(??9-10)????2
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• ?????(??9-10)???5
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Chinese Liquor/Wine Culture
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Chinese Wine Culture

• Introduction of Chinese Wine
• The Origin of Chinese Wine
• Classification of Chinese Wine
• Famous Chinese Wines
• Occasions Customs of Wine Drinking in China
• Drinking Etiquettes in China
• Chinese Poets with Wine
• The stories about wine

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Introduction

• Wine has a close connection with culture in China
  both in ancient and modern times. Wine drinking
  is something of learning rather than eating and
  drinking."
• Wine has a history as long as that of mankind.
  According to legend, the Chinese people began to
  make wine with grains seven thousand years ago
  with animal milk, ten thousand years ago.

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• Wine has close connection with social customs in
  China. There are fifty-six nationalities in China
  and drinking customs vary from nationality to
  nationality. For instance, the Mongolians will
  present three cups of wine to a guest and go on
  singing songs of wine until the guest finishes
  them.

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• Wine has been an inseparable part of the life of
  ordinary Chinese people through numerous events
  such as birthday, farewell dinner, wedding, etc.
• Wine has also appealed to literary and refined
  scholars and many anecdotes about their drinking
  were handed down from generation to generation,
  such as li Bai, Tao Yuanming, etc.

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The Origin of Chinese Wine

• The origins of the alcoholic beverage from
  fermented grain in China cannot be traced
  definitively. A legend said that Yidi(??), the
  wife of the first dynastys king Yu(?) invented
  the method. Another legend says that liquor was
  invented by Du Kang (??). At that time millet(
  was the main grain, the so-called "yellow liquor
  (huáng jiu??)", then rice became more popular. It
  was not until the 19th century that distilled
  drinks become more popular. Traditionally,
  Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together
  with food rather than drunk on their own.

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Legends of Origin of Brewing Alcoholic Beverages
the forefather of wine production in China
Yidi (??)
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A Legend of Du Kang

• It is said that Du Kang was also called
  Shaokang(??) and lived in the Xia Dynasty about
  3900 years ago. He lived on graze (??)when he was
  young, and often forgot to have meals which he
  brought and hung on the tree. Later, he found
  that the taste of meal he left on the tree had
  changed, and the juices were especially
  luscious(???). This interested him and made him
  think and study again and again. Finally, he
  learned the principle of natural fermentation and
  tried to improve his method. At last, a complete
  method of wine production was invented. Although
  this is only a legend, Du Kang was still regarded
  by later people as the forefather of wine
  production in China. Furthermore, wines are named
  Du Kang Wine by some people.    

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•  

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Classification of Chinese Wine

• Grain-based Huangjiu and Choujiu
• (Fermented beverages)
• Grain-based Baijiu (Distilled beverages)
• Medicated Liquor
• Fruit- based wines
• Beer

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white wine
medicated wine
yellow wine
Beer
fruit wine
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Huangjiu("yellow liquor" )

•  Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a
  history of several thousand years.
• Huangjiu is also known as laojiu(??), which is
  brewed from grain with wheat Qu(?) or Xiao Qu(??)
  used as fermenting agents. It is one of three
  dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in
  the world.

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• These wine are traditionally pasteurized(????),
  aged(??), and filtered(??) before their final
  bottling for sale to consumers.
• The alcohol content is mild, at around 15.
  Huangjiu can also be distilled(??) to produce
  baijiu(white liquors) and it is used as the base
  of yaojiu (medicated liquors ). It is also an
  excellent condiment(??,???)for cooking. Among
  these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most
  famous.

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Traditional Wine Brewing It has a history of
several thousand years and the traditional
fermenting technique developed gradually into a
mature level. Even in present day, the natural
fermenting technique has not disappeared
completely and something about such technique
still remains a mystery.
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Baijiu (White liquors )

• White liquors are also commonly called shaojiu
  (?? "hot liquor" or "burned liquor"), either
  because of the burning sensation in the mouth
  during consumption, the fact that they are
  usually warmed before being consumed, or because
  of the heating required for distillation.

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Baijiu(white liquor" )

• Baijiu, which includes spirits, is made from
  sorghum??, corn, barley or wheat, most of which
  are easy to ferment. Colorless and
  transparent(???), Liquors of this type typically
  contain more than 30 alcohol in volume since
  they have undergone distillation. Some white
  liquors contain over 50 alcohol. The alcohol
  strength varies between 55 and 65 percent. A
  small quantity can make one tipsy(???) in a
  moment. Of the most famous of baijiu are Guizhou
  Maotai, Wuliangye, Shanxi Fenjiu and Luzhou Daqu.

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Type of Fragrance

• While yellow liquors have a wide variety of
  classification methods, white liquors are grouped
  primarily by their type of fragrance.
• There are three main groups of white liquors
  according to their characteristics due to the
  different fermentation methods. They are
• qingxiang(??light fragrance),
• jiangxiang(??sauce fragrance) and
• nongxiang (??strong fragrance).

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Liquor with light fragrance

• Those that may ferment in clay vats? obtain a
  light and transient aroma?? and are called liquor
  with qingxiang, a light fragrance. A famous
  example of this is Fenjiu from Shanxi .
•  

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Liquor with sauce fragrance

• liquor with jiangxiang is made with yeasts that
  have been prepared under high temperatures, which
  also requires a larger amount of yeast than
  normally, ferments at a higher temperature. This
  yeast becomes very dark and gives the distillate
  a very special character that is comparable to
  the taste of sauce, and is consequently called, a
  sauce fragrance. A typical example of liquor with
  this taste is Maotai from Guizhou .

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Liquor with strong fragrance

• Liquors that are fermented in earth cellars(??)
  are affected by bacteria in the ground. This
  creates very special esters, acids and oils which
  are highly aromatic. Such liquor is called
  nongxiang, a strong fragrance. The three best
  ones are considered to be Mianzhu Daqu, Wuliangye
  from Yibin and Luzhou Laojiao Daqu. The
  production process is absolutely unique. They
  have the characteristics including full-flavor
  after taste, freshness and light sweetness. Every
  one will never forget the good taste even he only
  tastes a sip of it.

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Medicated Liquor

• Medicated liquor refers to a transparent
  medicated liquid obtained by using wine as a
  solvent to soak out the effective components of
  herbs.
• Most medicated liquors are taken orally, while
  some are for external use. To improve the taste,
  crystal sugar or honey can be added to the
  medicated wine.

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• Because liquor itself has the effect for
  stimulating blood circulation and relaxing
  muscles and joints, it can be used to treat
  general asthenia (loss of strength),
  rheumatic(????) pain, and traumatic(??? ) injury.
  In addition, alcohol is a kind of good menstruum
  (solvent), which may distill (extract) a higher
  proportion of ingredients from medical material.

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• Chinese people like to use precious medical
  material to make medical liquor, which can
  reinforce body fluid and nourish the
  blood.However, though medical liquor is good for
  the human body, it cannot be drunk superfluously.
  A frequency of 2 or 3 times a day with each
  dosage measuring 10 ml to 50 ml is proper for
  people.

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Fruit Wine

• Classification
• A Classified by grape
• Wild Grape Wine
• Planted Grape Wine
• B Classified by color
• White Wine
• Red Wine
• Rose Wine
• C Classified by content of sugar
• Dry Wine
• Semi-dry Wine
• D Classified by carbonation
• Pure Wine
• Sparkling Wine(??)
• E Herbal Added Wine Classification
• F Brandy

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Fruit Wine

• A Classified by grape
• Wild Grape Wine wine made from natural wild
  grape.
• Planted Grape Wine wine made from different
  varieties of planted grapes

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Fruit Wine

• B Classified by color
• White Wine wine made from white grapes or
  light-red-skin grapes. Grape juice is separated
  from skin and only juice goes for fermentation to
  make wine. The color of this variety of wine
  starts from pale with green tinge, pale straw,
  straw to dark straw.
• Red Wine wine made from redskin grapes. Grape
  juice and skin go for fermentation together first
  and then separated for winemaking. The color of
  this variety of wine starts from rose, ruby, rich
  ruby to plum and dark plum.
• Rose Wine wine made from redskin white pulp
  grapes. Grape juice and skin go for fermentation
  together for a short period of time. When the
  juice gets the desired color, juice is separated
  from the skin and other residues for further
  fermentation and then made into rose wine.

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Fruit Wine

• C Classified by content of sugar Dry Wine
  only little sugar is left after fermentation. The
  content of sugar is less than 4 grams per liter.
  The taste of wine is sour instead of sweet.
  Semi-dry Wine the content of sugar is between 4
  and 12 grams and the taste of the wine is a
  little sweet. 1. Semi-sweet Wine the content
  of sugar is between 12-50 grams and the taste of
  the wine is sweet and smooth. 2. Sweet Wine
  the content of sugar is above 50 grams per liter
  and the taste of the wine is pure sweet.

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Fruit Wine

• D Classified by carbonation 1. Pure Wine wine
  which is free from carbon dioxides. 2.
  Sparkling Wine wine which has carbon dioxides in
  it. Carbonated wine and champagne belong to this
  type.

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Fruit Wine

• E Herbal Added Wine wine that are added herbals
  which are good for stomach and spleen. For
  example, Changyu vermouth(???) belongs to this
  type. Vermouth is made from an old variety of
  grapes and it is good for appetite.

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Fruit Wine

• F Brandy made from wine. They are distilled
  wine. The famous brandy is made in Cognac(???) in
  France. It was not until early 20 century that
  Changyu began for the first time in China to make
  and sell brandy both in China and abroad.

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Chinese Beer

• Generically, beer is any alcoholic beverage
  produced through the fermentation of starchy
  materials and which is not distilled after
  fermentation.
• ????????????????,????????????,????,?????????????

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Primitive Beer in Ancient China ---"Li"

• In ancient China, people consumed a kind of
  alcoholic drink called Li(? ) which was made
  from malted(?? )cereals. Li has been considered
  as a type of primitive beer in remote ancient
  times. After Han Dynasty or so, Li was
  substituted by rice wine made by Qu ( it is
  called ? in Chinese). Then, Li, due to its low
  alcohol content, was obsolete from the banquet
  and even nobody knew exactly how Li was brewed.

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• Li was first recorded in Jia Gu Wen (
  inscription on bones or tortoise shells) in Shang
  Dynasty ( from 16th century B.C. to 11th century
  B.C.). Although there were no complete
  descriptions about brewing process of Li, some
  characters and phrases carved on the bones or
  tortoise shells have been identified to be
  related to brewing process, such as NIE,
  meaning malted(??) cereals or malting, JIAN,
  meaning filtration(??, ). There were newly
  brewed Li and aged Li used on different
  occasions.

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• In Zhou Dynasty, alcoholic beverages was
  classified into two types rice wine and "Li". In
  Han Dynasty, Li was no longer the major alcoholic
  drink consumed because the rice wine brewing
  techniques was spreaded out everywhere. A kind of
  drink characterized by low alcohol and made with
  Qu in a short time was also called "Li", probably
  because of misunderstanding meaning of the
  original "Li"

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• During the period of Northern and Southern
  Dynasty (420- 581 A.D.), Li made from malted
  cereals had been thoroughly absolete. Among more
  than 40 varieties of alcoholic drinks mentioned
  in Qi Ming Yao Shu, there was no "Li", although
  the techniques for making wheat malt were
  described in detail. Now that rice wine made by
  Qu had the advantages of high proof of alcohol
  (usually 15 by volume), there was nothing
  strange that Li made from malted cereals had been
  substituted by rice wine.

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• It is concluded that Li and beer should belong to
  the same type of beverage with much lower alcohol
  content than rice wine in remote ancient times.
  With the changes of times, the primitive beer, Li
  made from malted cereals disappeared in China.

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Famous Chinese Wine

• At the First National Wine Appraisal Conference
  held in 1952, eight brands of famous Chinese wine
  were awarded a prize. They were
• Guizhou Maotai??
• Shanxi Fenjiu??
• Shaanxi Xifeng??
• Luzhou Laojiao????
• Shaoxing Jiafan?????
• Red Rose Grape Wine??????
• Weimeisi????
• Special Fine Brandy. ???????

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Famous Chinese Wine

• At the Second National Wine Appraisal Conference
  held in 1963, eighteen brands of famous Chinese
  wine were warded a prize.

Anhui Gujinggong, Quanxing Twice Fully-Fermented
Liquor????? (????) Chinese Red Grape Wine
?????????(??)? Zhuyeqing????(???????)? Qingdao
White Grape Wine, Dongjiu??(????)? Special-Made
Bejing Brandy ??????? Chengang Liquor???(????)
Qingdao Beer
Guizhou Maotai, Shanxi Fenjiu, Shaanxi Xifeng,
Luzhou LaojiaoTwice Fully-Fermented Liquor
??????? Shaoxing Jiafan????? Red
Rose Grape Wine, Yantai Weimeisi, Yantai
Special Fine Brandy, Sichuan Wuliangye
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Famous Chinese Wine

• In 1979, the Third National Wine Appraisal
  Conference was held and eighteen brands of famous
  Chinese wine were awarded a prize.

Guizhou Maotai, Shanxi Fenjiu, Sichuan
Wuliangye, Anhui Gujinggong, Yanghe Twice
Fully-Fermented Liquor, Jiannanchun, Chinese
Red Grape Wine, Yantai Weimeisi, Qingdao White
Grape Wine,
Yantai Special Fine Brandy, Dongjiu,
Special-Made Bejing Brandy, Luzhou Laojiao
Twice Fully-Fermented Liquor, Shaoxing Jiafan,
Zhuyeqing, Qingdao Beer, Yantai Red Grape Wine
Chengangjiu.
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Some famous Chinese liquors

• Maotai Liquor(???)
• Fen Liquor(??)
• Five Grain Liquor(???)
• Luzhou Liquor(??????)
• Jiannanchun Liquor(???)
• Xifeng Liquor(???)
• Gujinggong Liquor (????)
• Dong Liquor(??)
• Shaoxing Wine
• Dukang Wine
• Bamboo-Leaf Green Liquor

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Maotai Liquor
Maotai town, Renhuai county, Guizhou
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Maotai Liquor

• Maotai Liquor is produced in Maotai town, Renhuai
  county in Guizhou Province. Together with Scotch
  Whisky and French Cognac Brandy, it is renowned
  as one of the Three Famous Wines in the world.
• ????????????????????????????
• Due to the fragrance, purity, sweetness and
  refreshment, Maotai Liquor is regarded as the
  national liquor in China.

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• Dating back to the Han Dynasty more than 2,000
  years ago, Maotai Liquor has a long history of
  brewage. As early as in the 18th century of the
  Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Maotai became the first
  excellent wine brand in large-scale production,
  with an annual output of 170 tons, which was very
  rare in China's wine brewage history. Before the
  liberation, there were three main wine factories
  in Guizhou, whose products were respectively
  called Hua Mao, Wang Mao and Lai Mao, among which
  Hua Mao is the predecessor of today's Maotai
  Liquor. In 1915, Maotai Liquor was brought to
  Panama World Exposition and awarded the gold
  medal of the exposition.

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• Maotai Liquor belongs to sauce fragrance style,(
  ???) tasting pure, sweet and refreshing. Maotai
  Liquor is made of wheat and sorghum. The brewage
  of the liquor will go though 8 times of ferment
  and 9 times of distillation, the whole process
  lasts one year. After the process, the liquor
  will be stored for years. The specific techniques
  of brewage make the strong liquor suitable for
  drinking and beneficial to the health. You won't
  feel dizzy even if you drink too much.

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  ???????,??????,????????,??????????,???????????,???
  ??????????????,????????,??????????????????????????
  ?????????5254???,????????????

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Fen Liquor
Fenyang, Shanxi
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Fen Liquor

• The Fen Liquor is produced in Xinghua Village,
  Fenyang in Shanxi Province. Enjoying a history of
  more than 1,500 years, it is the father of
  Chinese famous liquors. It uses the Yibazhua
  sorghum produced in Jinzhong Plain in Fenyang and
  the mellow Gujingjia Spring as ingredients.
  Through the process of brewing technology, the
  Fen Liquor is clear, crystal, mildly aromatic and
  affords a lingering after-taste. Due to its best
  quality, it is always praised as the excellent
  liquor and fluid precious stone.

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  ??,????????????????????????????,??????????????400
  0????????,1500????????,????????????????????,??????
  ,???????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????1915?,?????????????????????,????,????????
  ?????

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Five Grain Liquor

Yibin, Sichuan
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Five Grain Liquor

• The Five Grain Liquor, produced in Yibin, Sichuan
  Province, gets the name from its five
  ingredients, including sorghum, rice, glutinous
  rice, corn and wheat. The water is taken from the
  center of Minjiang River. The wrapped starter
  (Baobaoqu), produced by pure wheat, is used as
  the raising agent. When the bottle opens, a
  strong fragrance scents the air.

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  ??
• 1928?,????????????,?????????????????????????,???
  ?????????,??????????????,????????????,??????????
  ?,?????????,??????????????,???????????????????????
  ???????????????(??????????),????????????,?????
  ????(?????????????????????????)?????????,????,???
  ?,????,????,???????? ?????,????,????,????,?????
  ??????????????????????????????????,????,????,????
  ??,????,????,????,?????????????????????,?????????
  ,???????

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Luzhou Liquor
Luzhou, Sichuan
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Luzhou Liquor

• is produced in Luzhou, Sichuan Province. In the
  early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Wenyongsheng and
  Tianchensheng were the two liquor factories that
  produced Luzhou Liquor. The oldest cellar of
  Wenyongsheng has a history of more than 370
  years.
• Luzhou Liquor features strong aroma, sweet, raw
  and has a long, persistent finish. It has become
  the model of strong aromatic Chinese spirits.

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  ???????,????,???????????,????,????,????,?????????
  ???????????????,???38??52??60?????????????,????
  ????,????????,????? ???????,?????????,????????
  ??,?????????????????????????,??????,????????,?????
  ,????????,??,?????????,??????????????,????????????
  ???????,???????????????????????????????????????,??
  ???????????300?????,????,????,??????????

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Jiannanchun Liquor
The ruin of liquor cellar, Mianzhu, Sichuan
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Jiannanchun Liquor

• Jiannanchun Liquor is produced in the Mianzhu
  county, Sichuan Province. It is one of the famous
  liquors in China that enjoys a long history. In
  Tang Dynasty (618-907), "chun (?)" was used to
  name the wine, hence the name. According to the
  legend, the great poet Li Bai in Tang Dynasty
  once used the golden crown in exchange for
  Jiannanchun, which reflected the excellent
  quality of the liquor.
• Jiannanchun Liquor is made from sorghum, rice,
  glutinous rice, corn and wheat. It is finely
  brewed in traditional technique and can be
  divided into 62 degrees and 52 degrees. Every
  drop is fragrant, mellow, sweet and cool with a
  long finish.

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  ?????????????????????????????,????????????????
  ???????,????????????????????????????????,??
  ?????,??????????

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Xifeng Liquor
Clay sculpture, Fengxiang, Shaanxi
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Xifeng Liquor

• Being one of the oldest liquors in China and in
  the world, Xifeng Liquor is produced in Liulin
  town, Fengxiang county, Shaanxi Province. In the
  late Shang Dynasty (C.16001046BC), in order to
  celebrate the victory of Muye Battle, the King of
  Zhouwu used Qin Liquor (today's Xifeng Liquor) to
  reward his soldiers.Xifeng Liquor represents the
  Feng-style liquor. Feng-style liquor blends the
  five flavors sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and
  fragrant. The liquor degrees are divided into 39
  degrees, 55 degrees and 65 degrees.

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  ??????????????????????,??????????????,??3??????,??
  ??????????  ?????????????????,????,????,????,????
  ?????????,???????,????,??????????????????????????
  ??????,????,????,????,????????????????????,??????
  ?????????????????????????????33??38??39??42??45?
  ?46??48??50??52??55??65???????
  ????,?????,??????

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Gujinggong Liquor
Bozhou, Anhui
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Gujinggong Liquor

• Gujinggong Liquor is produced in Bozhou, Anhui
  Province. "Gujing" means ancient well. There is
  an ancient well having a history of 1,400 years
  in the liquor factory. The local water tastes
  bitter but the spring from this well is quite
  sweet. The liquor made from the spring of the
  well has a wonderful flavor. During Wanli's rule
  in Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), it became a tribute.

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  4???????????,??1988???13??????????????????????????
  ??,????????20?????,???????????????????,???????????
  ??????????????

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Dong Liquor
Zunyi, Guizhou
66
Dong Liquor

• Dong Liquor is produced in Dong Liquor Factory in
  Zunyi, Guizhou Province. It gets the name from
  the Donggong Temple near the factory. Dong Liquor
  is the most special Chinese liquor in brewing
  method. It is made from the best glutinous Indian
  millet(?,) and the underground springs from
  Shuikou Temple. It blends the styles of Daqu
  Liquor and Xiaoqu Liquor.

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  ,????,????????????????????(?????????????,?????????
  ????),1984?,????????,??????????????????,??????????
  ?? ????,????,??????,??????????,??????????????,?
  ??????????????,??????,???????????????,????????????
  ?????????????????

68
Some Other Famous Chinese Wines

• Shaoxing Wine
• Dukang Wine
• Bamboo-Leaf Green Liquor

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Shaoxing Wine

• Shaoxing Wine, also called Huang Jiu (yellow
  wine), produced in the town of Shaoxing, Zhejiang
  Province, It has been known for its flavor and
  golden colour.

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Dukang Wine

• Dukang Wine bears the same name of its production
  site - Dukang village in Henan Province, which
  has the charms of historical relics and the
  pureness of nature. The wine has been popular
  among the Chinese people for more than 2,500
  years. It may not only arouse your deep-seated
  nostalgia?? for the ancient past, but also give
  you a natural enjoyment by relieving your
  anxiety. Dukang Wine is as good to health as it
  is to prolonging life.

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Bamboo-Leaf Green Liquor

• Bamboo-leaf green liquor is another of the eight
  famous Chinese wines. It is made by immersing
  bamboo leaves and dozens of medicinal herbs, such
  as Chinese angelica and cap jasmine in Fen
  Liquor. The wine is pale green, translucent and
  fragrant. It has a reputation for improving
  health and treating such diseases as heart
  trouble, high blood pressure and arthritis. 

72
Occasions Customs of Wine Drinking in China

• Wedding wine
• longevity wine
• Welcome wine
• Farewell Wine
• Opening wine and dividend wine
• Realgar Wine(???)On May 5th
• Chrysanthemum Wine on September 9th
• Wine drinking during Spring Festival, the Lantern
  Festival, the Mid- Autumn Festival and other
  happy occasions

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longevity wine

• China is a typical country that emphasize the
  virtue of respecting older people. .And there are
  various ways to reach it, among which is to
  present longevity wine. When an old persons
  birthday comes, younger generation usually take
  different kinds of gifts to celebrate them.
  Taking wine and eat a meal with them is very
  popular and welcomed by older generation. Here
  wine acts as a medium to transfer love and
  wishes.

74
Occasions for Drinking Wine

• to celebrate different festivals, wedding
  ceremonies and birthday
• to memorize the departed
• to welcome and send off relatives and friends
• to congratulate the good news
• to get rid of anxiety
• to cure diseases and prolong life

75
Opening wine and dividend wine

• In China, if you are the boss of a new store or
  company, before you open you business, you should
  hold a great banquet to celebrate. You could call
  your relatives and friends together ,then your
  business will be good later. Not only starting
  a business needs wine, at the end of the year,
  when the boss is ready to give the workers
  dividend(??) to thank them for their hard
  working, a wine works ,too.

76
Drinking Etiquette

• When entertaining guests with wine, drip the
  wine to the wine cup to its full length.
• It is hospitable to urge guests to drink more .
• The person who proposes a toast to others,
  especially to the old and VIPs should finish the
  drinking first.

77
Drinking Etiquette

• At a feast, the host or guest should present a
  short speech to express his good will when
  inviting others to drink sometimes, one of
  guests could stand up to invite the rest at the
  feast to have a drink one by one. When inviting
  others to drink, the inviter and invitee should
  both stand from their seats. Invitation of others
  to drink is usually limited to three cups.

78
Jiuling Called in Chinese ?? (The drinking
game the drinkers wager game )

• At the very beginning, alcohol was mainly a
  beverage in the ceremonial rites. The drinking
  games, Jiuling called in Chinese, were just aids
  for drinking. Certainly there were other aids for
  drinking, such as archery, chess playing and
  arrow pitching. Aimed to restrict overdrinking to
  keep drinkers be gentlemen and preserve courtesy
  of the time, there were even special designated
  officials to manage these aids for drinking.
  Later, drinking games which added entertainment
  to rites, gradually became artifice to persuade,
  wager and force overdrinking. Jiuling is a unique
  part of Chinese culture.

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• Now Jiuling has many forms, depending on the
  drinker's social status, literacy status and
  interests, which can be classified into three
  categories - general game, contest game and
  literal game. General game includes those games
  every body can play, such as joke telling,
  riddling and Chuanhua (passing flowers one by
  one). This category usually appears on banquet
  for ladies.

80

• Animal betting is a very interesting game every
  Chinese can play. In the game, one uses his
  Chopstick to tap the other player's chopstick and
  at the same time speaks out one of four terms.
  The other does the same. There are four terms
  stick, tiger, cock and insect. The regulations
  are simple Stick beats tiger tiger eats cock
  cock pecks insect insect bores stick. Literal
  game is mainly popular in bookworms since they
  receive good education and have refined knowledge
  and know the essence of Chinese traditional
  culture. Intellectuals sometimes play the other
  two category drinking games too, however they
  consider those games vulgar. Beaux-esprit and
  cultured ladies prefer the elegant game, literal
  game.

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• Usually literal game is unique and artful literal
  contest, which requires superior wisdom, broad
  knowledge sphere and fast response. In order to
  animate atmosphere, players will do their best to
  produce original, novel, unpredicted and
  extremely fine literal pieces, with quotations
  from scriptures, history, poems, proverbs, and
  fairy tales embedded. Many Jiulings of this
  category, very artistic, are pleasingly worthy of
  literary appreciation. Bai Juyi, one of Chinese
  greatest poets, even thought elegant Jiuling was
  much more interesting than music accompaniment.

82

• Contest game consists of archery, arrow pitching,
  chess playing, dicing, finger guessing and animal
  betting. Among these, the latter two are common
  In finger guessing, two players stretch out
  their right hands, with several fingers sticking
  out while the others closing to their palm and at
  the same time, each of them, usually roars a
  number from nil to ten. If fingers sticking out
  adds up and the sum equals to a player's number,
  then he wins and the loser will have to drink.
  There are many differences in different regions.

83
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84

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85

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86
Liangzhou word From cups of jade that glow with
wine of grapes at night, Drinking to pipa songs,
we are summoned to fight. Don't laugh if we lie
drunk upon the battleground! How many warriors
ever came back safe and sound?
??? ? ? ???????,???????? ???????,????????
87
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88
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89
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90
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91
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92

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93
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94
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95
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96
The Stories about Wine
There are many stories about wine in Chinese
history.
Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Jin dynasty, could
not live without wine for a day.
97
The great poet Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty, could
write 100 poems after drinking wine, the more
wine he drunk, the better the poem would be.
98

• Wu Song, a brave man from Liangshan in the Song
  Dynasty, drank 18 bowls of wine without a break,
  and then, barehanded, fought a fierce tiger to
  the death.

99
Questions for discussion

• What do you think of the wine-drinking customs in
  China? Give examples to support your idea.

100
Thank You!