WELCOME TO CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

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WELCOME TO CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY
SUMMER 2006
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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Introductions
• My Background
• Contact Information
• Reagan Lake
• Rm 454 (BS Bldg)
• Email lake1_at_umbc.edu
• Office Hours
• Fridays 5pm - 6pm

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• About Bio 100
• Course for science majors
• Need background in chemistry biology

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Non-Majors Courses
• Meeting GFR Requirement for Lab Based Science
• Fall Semester
• The Water Course (Sci 100)
• Intro to Modern Biology (Biol 109)
• Spring Semester
• The Water Course (Sci 100)

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Administrative Issues
• Registration
• Those on hold see me after lecture
• Bio 100 lab (BIOL100L) is a separate course!
• See Dr. Lark Claassen
• claassen_at_umbc.edu

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Rules Regulations
• Attendance in lecture is not mandatory but
• Eating/drinking/smoking
• Arriving late/leaving early
• Turn cell phones OFF
• Talking/Reading the paper

• Administrative Issues

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• What Youll Need
• The Textbook
• Freeman Biological Science
• 2nd Edition or Custom Edition
• Use as supplement to lecture
• Dont need to bring to lecture
• Interactive CD

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• What Youll Need
• The Syllabus
• Outlines lecture topics
• Dates are tentative
• Recommends readings
• Exam dates
• NOT subject to change!

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Lecture Exams
• Hourly Examinations
• Total of 2
• NO MAKEUPS
• Final Exam
• NO MAKEUP
• Your final grade in course will be based on three
  exams (including final), each weighing 33 each

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Academic Misconduct
• Not tolerated at any time!
• Includes all Exams
• For university policy see
• Course syllabus or UMBC web site

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Course Web Site
• http//www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100a
• A Course Management Tool
• Announcements
• Practice Exams, Exam Keys, Problem Sets
• Power Point Lecture Notes

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CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

• Power Point Lecture Notes
• Posted night before lecture
• Download in either of 2 formats
• Html
• Power point
• Serves as OUTLINE only
• Not a substitute for being present IN CLASS!

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HINTS FOR SUCCESS

• Print Out Lecture Notes
• Attend Every Class
• Take Notes
• Ask Questions
• Read Assigned Chapters
• Use interactive CD

• Dont Fall Behind
• Dont Memorize Facts
• Form A Study Group
• Get Help (Tutoring)

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WHY STUDY BIOLOGY?

• Our existence and everything we do is tied to
  biology!

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WHY STUDY BIOLOGY?

• Health related professions
• Academics Research
• Conservation
• Biotechnology

• Many of you will pursue a career related to
  biology!

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WHY STUDY BIOLOGY?

• Those who dont pursue a career in biology are
  still effected by biological processes!

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WHY STUDY BIOLOGY?

• How do plants make their own food?
• Why does ice float?
• Why do we look like our parent(s)?
• Why do leaves change colors in the fall?
• How do we derive energy from the food we eat?

• Biology Answers Many Questions Regarding Life
  on Earth

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DIVERSITY OF LIFE

• Life on earth is diverse!
• Biologists have identified
• 260,000 plants
• 50,000 vertebrates
• 750,000 insects
• New species are added each year

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HOW BIOLOGISTS ORGANIZE THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE

• Linnaean Taxonomy (early 1790s)
• Hierarchical system w/ binomial nomenclature
• Each type of organism has a unique, two part
  name!
• Genus is CAPITALIZED
• Genus and species italicized

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TAXONOMY

• Which of the following is the correct form of the
  scientific name for human beings?
• Homo Sapiens
• Homo Sapiens
• homo sapiens
• Homo sapiens

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TAXONOMIC LEVELS

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Homo sapiens
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TAXONOMY

• Linnaeus (1735)
• Two kingdom system
• Based on morphology
• Whittaker (1969)
• Five kingdom system
• Still morphology

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FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM
KINGDOM MONERA
KINGDOM PROTISTA
KINGDOM PLANTAE
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
KINGDOM FUNGI
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TAXONOMY

• Taxonomy Is Constantly Revised to Reflect New
  Data
• Taxonomy now reflects phylogeny
• Common ancestry
• Three Domains

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The Three Domains
DOMAIN BACTERIA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Gram-positive bacteria
Green sulfur bacteria
Methanobacterium
Methanococcus
Thermoproteus
Archaeoglobus
Thermococcus
Dinoflagellates
Purple bacteria
Methanopyrus
Cyanobacteria
Trypanosoma
Flavobacteria
Brown algae
Entamoebae
Slime molds
Green algae
Thermotoga
Pyrodictium
Halococcus
Sulfolobus
Red algae
Animals
Thermus
Euglena
Diatoms
Ciliates
Aquifex
Giardia
Plants
Fungi
pJP27
pSL17
pJP78
pSL12
Node represents common ancestor of archaea and
eukaryotes
Node represents common ancestor of all
organismsalive today
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SSU RNA Molecule
C
U
G
A
A
U
G
A
Four types of ribonucleotides (A, U,C, and G) are
arranged in a linear sequence,
then folded into a complex shape to form an SSU
RNA molecule.
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HOW DO SCIENTISTS STUDY BIOLOGY?

• The Scientific Method

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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• Make Observations
• Develop Hypothesis Make Prediction(s)
• Design Experiment(s)
• Run Tests
• Repeat Tests or Devise New Ones
• Analyze Results Make Conclusions

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AN EXAMPLE

• Observation
• 1, 3, 5 are all odd numbers that are prime
• A number divisible only by itself or 1

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AN EXAMPLE

• Hypothesis
• All odd numbers are prime

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AN EXAMPLE

• Test it
• Check 7

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AN EXAMPLE

• Conclusion
• Does the evidence support our hypothesis?
• Yes!

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AN EXAMPLE

• Does the evidence prove our hypothesis is
  correct?
• No!
• You can only disprove a hypothesis

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REGARDING HYPOTHESES

• Test a few more numbers make a final conclusion
  regarding the hypothesis.
• What do you conclude?
• Accept or reject the hypothesis?

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE (THIS ONE BIOLOGICAL)

• Mice, Bacteria and a Virus

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OBSERVATIONS

• E. coli makes organisms sick often fatal
• In the lab, a virus (bacteriophage) targets and
  kills bacterial cells (E. coli)

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OBSERVATIONS

• Biomedical Application
• Virus may be useful in treating organisms
  infected with E. coli

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HYPOTHESIS FORMATION

• Hypothesis Prediction
• If phages target and kill E. coli, their
  presence will decrease mortality in organisms
  infected with E. coli.

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EXPERIMENTATION

• Experimental Set Up
• Experimental group
• Subjects receive treatment
• E. coli phage
• Control group
• Exposed to same conditions
  except actual treatment
• E. coli (only) injected

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EXPERIMENTATION

• Variables Kept Constant
• Age of mice
• Sex of mice
• Living conditions
• Food and water
• Temperature
• Hours of daylight
• Injection handling of mice
• Purpose of the Sham Control

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EXPERIMENTATION

• Experimental Set Up
• Minimize Bias
• Blind and double blind studies
• Minimize Error
• Accurate and precise techniques/measurements
• Large Sample Size
• Produces most accurate results
• Repetition
• Each verification further increases confidence in
  that hypothesis

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FORMING CONCLUSIONS

• Observational data supports hypothesis
• Accept the hypothesis!

• Conclusion

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WHEN DOES A HYPOTHESIS BECOME THEORY?

• A Scientific Theory
• Subjected to repeated tests
• Supported by consistent evidence
• May be modified and/or discarded

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IMPORTANT THEORIES IN BIOLOGY

• Cell Theory
• Theory of Evolution By Natural Selection

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IMPORTANT THEORIES IN BIOLOGY

• The Cell Theory
• All organisms are made up of one or more cells
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
• The cell is the fundamental structural unit in
  all organisms

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HISTORY OF THE CELL

• Hooke, 1665
• Cells first described and identified
• Malphigi, 1670's
• Plant tissues composed of cells
• Schleiden and Schwann, 1839
• All organisms are composed of cells

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HISTORY OF THE CELL

• Oken-Virchow, mid 1800s
• Challenged idea that cells (therefore life) could
  arise spontaneously
• Louis Pasteur (French bacteriologist)
• Found evidence in support of the Oken-Virchow
  hypothesis

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SUMMARY OF TODAYS LECTURE

• Biology As a Discipline
• Classification Schemes (Taxonomy)
• The Scientific Method Experimental Design
• Scientific Theories
• The Cell Theory

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WHATS AHEAD?

• Atoms ? Ecosystems

• Well be covering a variety of topics this
  semester