U.S. Military history unit outline

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U.S. Military history unit outline

• The Formative Years (1783 1812)
• The War of 1812
• The War with Mexico
• The American Civil War
• The Spanish American War
• World War I
• World War II
• The Cold War
• Times of Turmoil (1960 1976)
• Americas Challenge to change (1977 today)

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Unit (U.S. Military History)Essential Question

• How did historical events from 1781 to the
  present change our American Culture?

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Key Words

• Abolitionist. Person who wanted to do away with
  slavery
  
• Annex To take possession of and incorporate into
  an existing country/state
  
• Salient. An area that projects towards outward
• Secede. To formally withdraw from an organization
  or alliance

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Lesson Learning Questions

• What events immediately following the American
  Revolution changed our nations culture?
  

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The need for a stronger government

• State loyalty or national loyalty?
• State quarrels
• Tariffs, boundary lines, local laws
• States began to deal directly with foreign
  nations (even though the Articles disallowed it)
  
• States started building own military forces
• Britain and Spain kept troops and settlers in the
  western/southern territories
  
• Shays Rebellion

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Articles of Confederation

• Single chamber congress Committee of States
• Day to day functions of a National government
• One delegate from each state
• Declare war and negotiating treaties
• Raise an Army by asking the states for troops
• Send and receive ambassadors
• Set up money system
• Lets play the matching game

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Articles of Confederation(draw a line from the
weakness to the outcome that corresponds)
Outcome
Weakness

• Congress could not levy or collect taxes
• National government was always short of money
• Congress had no power to regulate interstate or
  foreign trade.
  
• Congress had no power to enforce its laws.
• Lack of national court system made it virtually
  impossible to settle disputes between states
  
• Congress had to have a superior majority (2/3rd
  or ¾ vote rather than simple majority to enact
  laws.
  
• Amendments to the Articles required the consent
  of all thirteen states.
  
• Lack of an executive branch

• There was no effective way to coordinate the work
  of the government
  
• There was no practical way to change the powers
  of the national government. As a result, the
  Articles remained unchanged, despite the fact
  that the United States needed a stronger national
  govt.
• It was difficult to enact laws. Any five states
  could block a proposed action by congress
  
• States interpreted and enforced the laws passed
  by congress enforce only those laws popular to
  the state.
  
• Congress could only request the states make its
  citizens obey national laws.
  
• Economic quarrels among the states broke out. A
  lack of economic cooperation between the states
  made it difficult to negotiate foreign trade
  arrangements.
• National government had to rely on contributions
  from the state.
  
• There was no way government could collect amount
  owed.
  

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Articles of Confederation

• Benefits from its creation
• Congress negotiated and ratified the Treaty of
  Paris of 1783
  
• Congress established a policy for the development
  of the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains
  
• 1787, Congress passed the Northwest ordinance,
  which gave the western territories an opportunity
  for statehood on an equal basis with the original
  states
• Congress set up executive department for Foreign
  Affairs, War, Marine, and Treasury, each under
  the direction of a single, appointed secretary.
  
• The articles encouraged cooperation among the
  states and required them to treat one anothers
  citizens without discrimination, making it easier
  for citizens of one state to travel and business
  in another state.

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The Constitution

• The Virginia Plan
• 2 chambers, one executive, a national judiciary,
  and the power to collect taxes, make and enforce
  laws.
  
• The New Jersey Plan
• 1 chamber, more than one executive, a national
  judiciary with limited power
  
• The Great Compromise
• Senate states have equal representation
• House of Representatives based on state
  population
  
• System of checks and balances
• House would create Senate would vote

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The Post war Army

• The Newburgh Conspiracy
• Name the individual who pointed out that
• a large standing army in time of peace had
  always been considered dangerous to the
  liberties of a country
  
• a small Regular Army is needed to awe the
  Indians, protect our Trade, prevent the
  encroachment of our Neighbors of Canada and
  Floridas, and guard us at least from surprises
  also for security of our magazines.

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The Post war Army

• The military policies of the new nation evolved
  in response to foreign and domestic issues.
  
• 1. Little military threat to the U.S.
• 2. Jealousy among states and with the federal
  government made it difficult to establish a
  federal army
  
• 3. The new government was financially unable to
  support a large army
  
• 4. Reluctance to serve either as a Regular or a
  state militia At no time was the Regular Army
  fully manned IAW authorized strengths.

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The Post war Army

• Reluctance to establish a permanent army -
• Too expensive to maintain
• Go against the wishes of those who preferred the
  existence of a federation of states vice strong
  national government
  
• Many feared that it might have too much power
• While Congress debated
• A small standing army of about 800 men scattered
  along the western and north western frontier
  
• State militia were established
• Troops could only be called up for three month
  tours in a year and could not be deployed outside
  the U.S.
  
• What did G. Washington establish in 1789?

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After Independence was won

• Articles of Confederation
• Constitution
• Design of a post war Army
• Americas westward movement (Homework)
• Battle of Fallen Timbers (Northern Frontier)
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Southeastern Frontier)
• Lewis and Clark expedition (Western Frontier)

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Lesson Learning Question

• Why did the U.S. go to war with Great Britain in
  the War of 1812?
  

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The War of 1812

• U.S. struggle for American prestige a chance
  to affirm its independence
  
• Great Britain considered a side show why?

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Causes of The War of 1812

• 1. The seizure of cargo and U.S. merchant ships
  by the British navy (showing their refusal to
  recognize American neutrality)
  
• 2. The impressment of American sailors (U.S.S.
  Chesapeake)
  
• 3. Clashes with the British and their native
  Indian allies over land claimed by Britain during
  Americas westward expansion.

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Prepared for The War of 1812?

• 1. U.S. Treasury had very little money
• 2. Ill-prepared Regular Army had only about
  10,000 troops spread across the Canadian border
  
• 3. Clashes with the British and their native
  Indian allies over land claimed by Britain during
  Americas westward expansion.
  
• 4. Very few trained officers and the U.S. Navy
  had fewer than 20 seagoing ships.

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The First year of The War of 1812

• War declared 18 June 1812
• Three way invasion into Canada
• U.S. captured at Ft. Detroit (LOCs cut)
• Couldnt cross the Niagara River
• Refused to leave U.S. territory
• First U.S. victory captured Toronto and
  burned several public buildings
  

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The Second year of The War of 1812

• The U.S. Navy had more success on the Great
  Lakes
  
• Commodore Perry We have met the enemy and he
  is ours.
  
• Resulted in the British leaving Detroit giving
  Michigan back to the U.S.
  
• U.S. victory at the Thames River
• Death of Tecumseh loss of cooperation in the
  Northwest frontier
  
• Battle of Chippewa why West Point wears gray
• BG Winfield Scott (28 years old)
• V formation

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The final months of The War of 1812

• Mid-1814, the British were able to tighten hold
  on the U.S. Atlantic coast
  
• Attacked freely into the Chesapeake Bay area and
  coastal towns in Virginia, Maryland, and
  Delaware
  
• August 1814 The burning of the White House
• 13-14 September bombardment of Ft McHenry
• Battle of New Orleans (8 January 1815)
• British - 8,000 soldiers
• U.S. - 4,500 (regulars, militia, Choctaw Indians,
  pirates, two battalions of free black Americans,
  and local recruits)
  
• Results
• 2,000 British killed or wounded
• Less than 20 U.S. casualties
• The Treaty of Ghent

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The results of The War of 1812

• The Treaty of Ghent secured Americas
  independence yet never resolved the main issues
  of impressment, cargo seizure or shipping
  violations.
• Last time that Great Britain and the U.S. would
  fight each other
  
• A small professional Army emerged and was found
  to be necessary.
  

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Lesson Learning Question

• Why did the U.S. go to war with Great Britain in
  the War of 1812?
  
• The seizure of cargo and U.S. merchant ships by
  the British navy (showing their refusal to
  recognize American neutrality)
  
• The impressment of American sailors (U.S.S.
  Chesapeake)
  
• Clashes with the British and their native Indian
  allies over land claimed by Britain during
  Americas westward expansion.